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Table of Contents of This Book’s Chapters’ Query Pages

Use the list at this link to navigate among The Creation of Order’s chapters’ various types of queries pages, as well as their corresponding main chapter pages.

Hyphenation

Answering the question: should this phrase be hyphenated, have spaces instead of hyphens, or be a single word?

'''-gerunds (-keeping, -making, etc.)'''
1. account-keeping (we added hyphen to PROLOGUE; originally was accountkeeping)
2. bookkeeping (Ch.3)
3. bronze-making (PREFACE)
4. calendar-keeper, calendar-keeping (''not'' calendarkeeper, calendarkeeping) (PROLOGUE, Ch.1)
5. calendar-making (we changed from calendarmaking) (Ch.3)
6. city-founding (we changed from cityfounding) (Ch.3)
7. cosmos-building (PROLOGUE)
8. counting-words (Ch.2)
9. forward-planning (PROLOGUE, Ch.1, Ch.2, Ch.3)
10. image-making (we changed from imagemaking) (Ch.3)
11. inventory-keeping (was inventorykeeping before we added hyphen) (Ch.4)
12. ''kaos''-organizing
13. ''kosmos''-building
14. landholding (PREFACE, CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS, Ch.9)
15. law-giving sky, law-givers (Ch.3)
16. mapmaker (Ch.9)
17. metalworking (we changed from metal working) (Ch.3 and earlier)
18. model-building (we changed from modelbuilding) (Ch.3)
19. moneylending (we did not add hyphen; ''not'' money-lending) (PREFACE, PROLOGUE)
20. record-keeping (we added hyphen; originally was recordkeeping in PROLOGUE) (Ch.9, etc.)
21. Roman empire building (noun) (Ch.9: ''not'' empire-building here)
22. sound-maker
23. star-grouping (Ch.2)
24. symbol-writing (was symbolwriting before we added hyphen) (Ch.4)
25. temple-founding (we changed from templefounding) (Ch.3)
26. time-keeper (Ch.2)
27. time-keeping (we added hyphen; originally was timekeeping) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
28. town-builder (was townbuilder before we added hyphen) (Ch.9)
29. wealth-getting (we changed from wealthgetting) (Ch.3)
30. wealth-seeking (''not'' wealthseeking) (PREFACE, Ch.6, EPILOGUE)
'''-god, -goddess, -dragon, -deities, etc.'''
1. agricultural-goddess (was agricultural goddess before we added hyphen to match other mentions; but this could go back to agricultural goddess if necessary) (PROLOGUE, Ch.3)
2. astral deity (Ch.2)
3. avenging-goddess (we changed from avenging goddess) (Ch.3)
4. calendrical-god (we added hyphen; was calendrical god) (Ch.2)
5. celestial deity (Ch.2)
6. chaos-dragon (''not'' chaosdragon)
7. fertility-goddess (was fertility goddess before we replaced space with a hyphen) (Ch.2)
8. grain-goddess (was grain goddess before we replaced space with a hyphen) (Ch.2)
9. justice-goddess (was justice goddess before we replaced space with a hyphen) (Ch.2, Ch.3 [was justice goddess before we added hyphen to match Ch.2])
10. lunar-order–goddesses (''not'' lunar-order goddesses ''nor'' lunar order goddesses ''nor'' lunar order-goddesses) (PROLOGUE, Ch.2)
11. lunar zodiac, lunar phases, lunar months, lunar year, lunar calendar, lunar periodicity, lunar cycle, lunar animal (Ch.2)
12. lunar-deities (Ch.2)
13. lunar-dragon (''not'' lunardragon ''nor'' lunar dragon) (Ch.1)
14. lunar-goddess (''not'' lunargoddess)
15. lunar order-goddess, lunar-order–goddesses (PROLOGUE and elsewhere)
16. male deities (Ch.2)
17. native deities (Ch.2)
18. order-goddess (was order goddess before we added a hyphen) (Ch.2)
19. sea dragon (''not'' seadragon as originally in Ch.10; ''nor'' sea-dragon, but we could be convinced)
20. solar-deities (Ch.2)
21. solar-god (we added hyphen; was solar god) (Ch.2)
22. solar-justice–gods (PROLOGUE)
23. solar-lion (we added hyphen; was solar lion) (Ch.2)
24. storm-god (we added hyphen; was storm god) (Ch.2)
25. sun-god (''not'' sungod)
26. votive-god (we added hyphen; was votive god) (Ch.2)
27. water-dragon (Ch.2)
28. wisdom-god (we changed from wisdomgod) (Ch.3)
'''-rent'''
1. ground-rent
2. land-rent (was landrent) (Ch.1, Ch.3)
'''-slave, -servitude, debt-'''
1. debt cancellations (was debt-cancellations in some cases in Ch.11 before we switched to a space instead of a hyphen)
2. debt forgiveness (''not'' debt-forgiveness) Ch.11
3. debt-claim (Ch.10)
4. debt-servitude (''not'' debtservitude)
5. debt-slave (''not'' debtslave); debt-slavery (was debt slavery before we added hyphen in Ch.10)
anti-state, anti-states (Ch.9)
arm’s-length (adjective), arm’s length (noun) (Ch.9)
art patrons (Ch.5) (''not'' art-patrons)
back taxes (''not'' back-taxes) (Ch.1)
beveled-rim bowl (''not'' bevelled-rim bowl and ''not'' beveled rim bowl, unless quoting or the title of a work) (Ch.3)
'''big-men and strongmen'''
1. big-man, big-men
2. strongman, strongmen (Ch.5)
[[wikipedia:Bon|Bonpo]] (was hyphenated [[wikipedia:Bon|Bon-po]] before we closed up), Tibetan Buddhist (Ch.2)
book-price, book-value (was bookprice, bookvalue before we added hyphens) (Ch.3)
city-symbol (Ch.9)
city-temple (was citytemple before we added hyphen) (Ch.3)
comet-like (we added hyphen but could revert to cometlike) (Ch.1)
cord-lines (''not'' cord lines) (Ch.2)
cosmo-historical, cosmo-history (Ch.5)
'''directions'''
1. east–west (en dash, ''not'' hyphen; ''not'' east-west) (Ch.1)
2. north–south axis (en dash, ''not'' hyphen; ''not'' north-south axis) (Ch.2)
far-flung
finance-capital (EPILOGUE)
flood water (Ch.1)
free fall (noun), free-fall (verb) (was freefall before we added space in CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
hardwood
ice cap (''not'' icecap)
inasmuch (acceptable without spaces or hyphens)
Indo-European–speaking peoples (first hyphen, then en dash) (PROLOGUE)
intercity (Ch.3)
keyword (''not'' key-word)
kidney-shapes (was kidneyshapes before we added hyphen) (Ch.3)
king lists (Ch.5) (''not'' king-lists)
land owners (WINTER)
lawbreaker (Ch.1)
leap year
lunar-menstrual symbolism (Ch.2)
lunisolar (was luni-solar before we removed hyphen) (Ch.15)
market-price (was marketprice before we added hyphen) (Ch.3)
measuring line (Ch.3, Ch.11) (was measuringline before we added a space)
measuring rope (Ch.3) (we changed from measuring-rope to measuring rope)
measuring rule (Ch.3)
measuring stick (was measuringstick before we changed) (Ch.3 [changed from measuring-stick to measuring stick])
mountaintop (Ch.1)
neo-kingship
nighttime (Ch.2)
pantheon-head (was pantheonhead before we added hyphen) (Ch.3)
'''peasant-'''
1. peasant-armies, peasant-army (PREFACE) (Ch.10 was peasant army instead of peasant-army until we added a hyphen)
2. peasant-infantry (Ch.11)
3. peasant-infantrymen (EPILOGUE)
postwar
pre-urban (PROLOGUE, Ch.9)
proto-city, proto-cities (Ch.9)
proto-market (Ch.10) (was protomarket until we added hyphen)
proto-monetary, proto-money (was protomonetary or protomoney before) (Ch.6)
proto-science (Ch.2)
proto-town, proto-towns (Ch.9, Ch.1) (we added hyphen to prototown)
proto-urban (Ch.9)
rainfed (PREFACE)
ration-measure (Ch.1)
re-creation (when meaning creating again) ''not'' recreation (Ch.1)
re-enact, re-enacted, re-enactment (Ch.9); re-enacting (Ch.10 had reenacting before we added hyphen)
re-establish (Ch.11)
reordering (''not'' re-ordering) (Ch.1) (was re-ordering in PREFACE before we fixed to reordering)
rib cage (rib-cage before we replaced hyphen with a space) (Ch.2)
right triangle (not right-triangle) (Ch.3)
root-word (Ch.2)
ruling rod (Ch.3)
schoolchildren
seed grain, seed-grain allocations (Ch.1, Ch.6)
sharecropping, sharecropper (Ch.2, Ch.9)
shekel-weight (we added hyphen; originally was shekelweight in PROLOGUE) (Ch.1)
sky-chief (Ch.1)
slave dealers (EPILOGUE)
springtime (Ch.2 and others earlier)
syllable-signs (was syllablesigns before we added hyphen) (Ch.4)
timeframe
top-grade, low-grade (was topgrade, lowgrade before we added hyphens) (Ch.3)
town house (''not'' townhouse) (Ch.9)
unit-fraction (Ch.3)
user-fees
warlord
warlordship (PROLOGUE)
watch face (was watch-face before we added a space; refers to clock face) (Ch.2)
weather-cycle (Ch.2)
word-signs (was wordsigns before we added hyphen) (Ch.4)
word-symbols (was worldsymbols before we added hyphen) (Ch.4)
year-round

Capitalization

[[wikipedia:Ashura|‘Ashura]] (a festival in Morocco, contemporary, at Fez and among the Berber-speaking tribes of Morocco per [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.34802/page/19/mode/1up?q=fe Gaster]) (Ch.11)
Aboriginal (Ch.6)
ancient order (EPILOGUE) (was capitalized Ancient Order before we made it lowercase)
Assyriology, Assyriologists (Ch.11)
Babylonian Creation epic (PROLOGUE)
Clean Slates, Clean Slate
Coronation Ceremony (in a quotation: “the archaic Coronation Ceremony,” Hocart ''Kingship'' 1927) (Ch.11)
Creation myth (Ch.1)
Creation or creation (we generally left what Hudson originally had, with some exceptions: we don’t know why sometimes Creation was capitalized and sometimes was lowercase; we’re going to leave them alone and assume Hudson had some rule.) (Ch.1; Ch.11 had “Creation myth” originally)
[[wikipedia:Last_Judgment|Day of Judgment]] (EPILOGUE)
Deluge, the (biblical Flood) (Ch.3)
'''directions'''
1. Buddhist east, the (was the Buddhist East) (Ch.9)
2. east and west (was originally East and West in Ch.6 before we fixed)
3. equator (sometimes was capitalized; we made lowercase for consistency) (Ch.1)
4. Far East (Ch.6, EPILOGUE, and others)
5. Near East, Near Eastern
6. Pacific Northwest (Ch.6)
7. southern hemisphere, northern hemisphere (Ch.1)
8. western civilization (PROLOGUE, EPILOGUE, and others) (was Western capitalized in some cases before we fixed)
9. western Eurasia (was capitalized w before we changed) (PREFACE, EPILOGUE)
10. western European (was Western European before we changed) (Ch.5)
earth (except in quotations where it is capitalized Earth), even as planet (Ch.2 and others)
economic freedom (as in, “Mesopotamian economic freedom acts”) (Ch.10) (was capitalized “Mesopotamian Economic Freedom acts” before we decided keep lowercase)
[[wikipedia:Edict_on_Maximum_Prices|Edict of Diocletian]] (Ch.9)
edict of Hammurapi (Ch.11 was capitalized until we made it lowercase; “subsequent edicts of [[wikipedia:Ammi-Saduqa|Ammisaduqa]] and [[wikipedia:Samsu-iluna|Samsuiluna]]”)
equinox, spring equinox, vernal equinox (Ch.1)
'''eras/time periods'''
1. antiquity (Greek and Roman antiquity)
2. [[wikipedia:Axial_Age|Axial Age]] (Ch.10)
3. Babylonian period (“the Old Babylonian period” in Ch.2, “[[wikipedia:Old_Babylonian_Empire|Old Babylonian]] period” in Ch.9)
4. Bronze Age
  1. Early Bronze Age (PREFACE, PROLOGUE)
  2. Late Bronze Age (PROLOGUE, CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
  3. Middle Bronze Age (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
5. chalcolithic (formerly was capitalized in CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS; was lowercase in Ch.2 before we made it lowercase to match neolithic, mesolithic, etc.)
6. classical times, classical studies, classical texts, classics department
7. Dark Age, generally and specifically
  1. We decided to capitalize generally both the ordinal number and Dark Age in most cases:
    1. Specifically: First Dark Age, Second Dark Age, Third Dark Age (EPILOGUE)
      1. 1)First Dark Age either “[[wikipedia:Late_Bronze_Age_collapse|Late Bronze Age collapse]]” (1200 BC) or the “[[wikipedia:Greek_Dark_Ages|Greek Dark Ages]]”
      2. 2)Second Dark Age (feudalism; Hudson said 0–1000 AD but we think this was 500–1000 AD)
      3. 3)Third Dark Age (hypothetical)
    2. Generally: “first real Dark Age” (PROLOGUE)
  2. Roman Dark Age is brought up in Ch.9’s Keywords section
  3. Two Dark Ages (First Dark Age and Second Dark Age) are brought up in the EPILOGUE
  4. Multiple times in CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS besides these examples: “The Late Bronze Age (1600 BC–1200 BC) signaled the beginning of the Dark Age in Babylonia” and “The Bronze Age ends with a Dark Age (1200–750 BC)” and “A new kind of Dark Age descended after about AD 400, nearly two thousand years after the collapse of Babylonia and other Late Bronze Age societies in 1600 BC and 1200 BC initiated the classical privatization process.”
8. [[wikipedia:Age_of_Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] ([[wikipedia:Age_of_Enlightenment|Age of Enlightenment]] in Wikipedia) (EPILOGUE)
9. Golden Age (a Golden Age, a lost Golden Age), generally or specifically (Ch.1)
10. great break (was Great Break once and great break another time; related to Dark Age; we opted for lowercase for both in PROLOGUE)
11. Hellenistic Age
12. Ice Age
13. Intermediate Period (“an Intermediate Period of the Bronze Age”) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
14. [[wikipedia:Iron_Age|Iron Age]] (Ch.11, earlier chapters, EPILOGUE)
15. medieval (was Medieval, we made lowercase) (Ch.1)
16. mesolithic
17. modern era, the
18. [[wikipedia:Elam|Neo-Elamite period]]
  1. Exception in Ch.10: because this is a quotation in Margaret Root, leave capitalized as it is there (''normally not'' neo-Elamite Period)
19. neolithic (lowercase)
20. paleolithic (EPILOGUE)
  1. upper paleolithic (it was all-caps, but we made all lowercase to match with style of mesolithic and neolithic) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS) (leaving capitalized Upper Paleolithic in Ch.1 because it appears in a Marshack 1981 quotation,^[1] but in CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS and anywhere else it might be added, we have this lowercase.)
21. stone age, new stone age, late old stone age (was originally capitalized Stone Age in EPILOGUE before we made it lowercase in context that could disobey the lowercase rule: “the Bronze Age, stone age, and even the Ice Age”)
[[wikipedia:Festschrift|Festschrift]] (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
Flood (a Flood, Great Flood) (Ch.1, Ch.2)
[[wikipedia:Four_corners_of_the_world|Four Quarters of the World]] (was Four Quarters of the world before we capitalized last word) (Ch.2)
[[wikipedia:French_Revolution|France’s 1789 Revolution]] (Ch.1)
'''games'''
1. Delphi’s [[wikipedia:Pythian_Games|Pythian Games]] (Ch.5, Ch.6, Ch.11) (was Pythian games lowercase until we capitalized in Ch.11)
2. Great Games (Ch.6)
3. Greek games (Ch.6)
4. [[wikipedia:Olympiad|Olympiads]], Olympiad (capitalized even though lowercase in [[wikipedia:Olympiad|Wikipedia]]) (Ch.11)
5. [[wikipedia:Ancient_Olympic_Games|Olympic Games]] (was Olympic games lowercase until we capitalized in Ch.11)
'''Gaster (from Gaster quotations/discussion in Ch.11 context only):'''
1. Initiation (in a quotation)
2. Purgation stage
3. Rites of Invigoration
4. Rites of Jubilation
5. Rites of Mortification
6. Rites of Purgation
7. Ritual Combat
  1. sometimes capitalized in context of Gaster
  2. sometimes lowercase (we left as Hudson had written generally)
8. Ruler versus the Dragon, the
He (when referring to God in Old Testament quotations)
heaven/heavens (except in quotations where it is capitalized Heaven/Heavens)
[[wikipedia:Manbij|Hierapolitan]] Festival of Fires (per Lucian) (Ch.11)
Hittite [[wikipedia:Puruli|Puruli]] festival (Ch.11)
Indus Valley
1. but plural: Euphrates, Nile, and Indus river valleys
2. except: [[wikipedia:Tigris|Tigris]] and [[wikipedia:Euphrates|Euphrates]] Valley river systems (Ch.9)
3. Ch.3 plural: Nile and Indus valleys
invisible hand (Adam Smith’s “[[wikipedia:Invisible_hand|invisible hand]]”) (''not'' Invisible Hand as it was originally in EPILOGUE) (Ch.6, EPILOGUE)
[[wikipedia:Jubilee_(biblical)|Jubilee Year]] (biblical [[wikipedia:Jubilee_(biblical)|Jubilee Year]] of [https://biblehub.com/study/chapters/leviticus/25.htm Leviticus], the) (PREFACE, other chapters; Ch.11 mentions “In Judaic law, Leviticus ([https://biblehub.com/study/chapters/leviticus/25.htm Chapter 25] dealing with the [[wikipedia:Debt_relief#:.7E:text.3DDebt_forgiveness_is_mentioned_in.2Cyear_cycle.2C_depending_on_interpretation.|Jubilee Year]])”)
1. “[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy%2015%3A12-18&version=NET Deuteronomy’s septennial freeing] of debt-slaves” (Ch.11)
[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/law%20of%20nations Law of Nations] (EPILOGUE) (we could be convinced to make this lowercase or leave capitalized and italicize) (should this be lowercase: [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/law%20of%20nations law of nations] or italicized [as in the book title: [[wikipedia:The_Law_of_Nations|''Law of Nations'']]?])
1. Argument for lowercase: [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/law%20of%20nations Merriam-Webster]
2. Argument for capitalization/italicization: [[wikipedia:The_Law_of_Nations|Wikipedia]]
3. Argument for capitalized without italicization: Hudson’s original choice in EPILOGUE
Lion-Bull conflict, the (Ch.2)
Lord, the Lord, the Lord himself (when referring to God in Bible quotations) (Ch.2, Ch.9, Ch.10)
[[wikipedia:Metonic_cycle|Metonic]] eclipse cycle (Ch.1)
Minotaur (Ch.1)
[[wikipedia:Ethics|Moral Philosophy]] (EPILOGUE) (we could be convinced to make this lowercase)
[[wikipedia:Natural_law|Natural Law]] (Natural Law of equity and distributive justice) (PREFACE, PROLOGUE)
[[wikipedia:Neo-Assyrian_Empire|Neo-Assyrian Empire]] (was neo-Assyrian empire before we capitalized Neo and Empire) (Ch.11)
Neo-Babylonian (was neo-Babylonian before we updated) (Ch.9)
[[wikipedia:Neo-Babylonian_Empire|Neo-Babylonian empire]] (Ch.1)
[[wikipedia:Third_Dynasty_of_Ur|Neo-Sumerian]] (was neo-Sumerian before we capitalized Neo in Ch.10)
new moon, the (was New Moon sometimes but we made lowercase) (Ch.2)
New Year, New Year’s day
Oriental
1. Usually avoid the outdated term unless it’s the title of a journal, a quotation, etc.
2. Exceptions:
  1. EPILOGUE: “Bronze Age Sumer and Babylonia were not ‘Oriental despotisms.’” (We don’t know where the quotation is from; maybe the book [[wikipedia:Oriental_Despotism|''Oriental Despotism'']] by Karl August Wittfogel? It was not in any bibliography in the original text.)
  2. PREFACE: “If it was simply an Oriental despotism, as some people believed” (it was not in quotation marks here, but seems related to the EPILOGUE mention above so we kept it in)
[[wikipedia:Orphism|Orphics]], the (in Greece) (Ch.1)
Peoples of the Sea
[[wikipedia:Pole_star|Pole Star]] (Ch.2)
[[wikipedia:Kingdom_of_Pontus|Pontus]] (Ch.11)
Roman Empire (“from the Roman Republic to the Empire”)
[[wikipedia:Roman_Forum|Rome’s Forum]] (Ch.9)
Rome’s [[wikipedia:Social_War_(91–87_BC)|Social War]] (Ch.1)
[[wikipedia:Secessio_plebis|Secessions of the Plebs]] (PREFACE)
Soviet Union’s [[wikipedia:Russian_Revolution|1917 Revolution]], the (Ch.1)
[[wikipedia:Stoicism|Stoic]] (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
[[wikipedia:Conflict_of_the_Orders|Struggle of the Orders]] (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
[[wikipedia:Sumerian_King_List|Sumerian King List]] (''not'' italicized) (Ch.1, Ch.5)
Temple of [[wikipedia:Temple_of_Vesta|Vesta]] (was lowercase temple of Vesta originally, but Wikipedia capitalizes T, so we made the change) (Ch.9)
[[wikipedia:Thesmophoria|Thesmophoria]] and [[wikipedia:Eleusinian_Mysteries|Eleusinian]] mysteries (but it might be Eleusinian Mysteries with a capital Mysteries if mentioned one at a time, per [[wikipedia:Eleusinian_Mysteries|Wikipedia]]) (Ch.11)
1. “the [[wikipedia:Dionysian_Mysteries|Dionysian]], [[wikipedia:Eleusinian_Mysteries|Eleusian]], and other [[wikipedia:Greco-Roman_mysteries|mystery plays]]” (Ch.11) ([[wikipedia:Greco-Roman_mysteries|Greco-Roman mysteries]])
third world (even when used as an adjective before a noun) (earlier chapters, PREFACE, Ch.5)
[[wikipedia:Nazi_Germany|Thousand-Year Reich]] (Nazi Germany) (Ch.5)
[[wikipedia:Tower_of_Babel|Tower of Babel]] (Ch.4)
[[wikipedia:Troy_weight|troy ounces]] (Ch.1 and others later)
[[wikipedia:Vestal_Virgin|Vestal Virgins]] (in Rome) (Ch.9)
zeitgeist (we changed from Zeitgeist) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)

Italicization of Non-English or Foreign Words and Works of Art

[https://www.britannica.com/art/agon-theater ''agon''] dramas (Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Agora|agora]] (Greek for space; also Ancient Greek/Athenian meeting place) (''not'' italicized; we probably would italicize plural ''agorai'' though) (Ch.3, Ch.9)
[[wikipedia:Akitu|''akitu'']] festival (''not'' ''akidu'' festival as Hudson originally wrote in Ch.10) (Ch.11, earlier)
[[wikt:𒂼𒅈𒄄|''amargi'']] (Sumerian word for freedom) ''not'' [[wikipedia:Ama-gi|''ama-gi'']] (PROLOGUE, Ch.11, EPILOGUE) (question: ''not'' ''ama-gi'' or ''amagi'' instead per [[wikipedia:Ama-gi|Wikipedia]]? [see [[Info:E1e74ce6-fb27-4b01-a57d-617ab8ff2929|this query in the Prologue]] and [[Info:36e676ee-2fea-4b3f-8301-180d48f52747|the same query in Chapter 11]]])
[[wikipedia:Amphictyonic_league|''amphictyonic'']], [[wikipedia:Amphictyonic_league|''amphictyonies'']] (could be convinced to leave unitalicized and capitalize instead) (Ch.7, Ch.9, Ch.12, PREFACE)
[[wikt:andurārum|''andurārum'']]: italicized (Akkadian) (PROLOGUE and many later chapters, especially Ch.11) (we added link in Ch.11 and in PROLOGUE; might have to check earlier chapters for consistency)
[[wikipedia:Eponymous_archon|archon]] (''not'' italicized) (Greek: magistrate) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS, EPILOGUE)
''aristos'' (“fittest, best”) (Ch.1)
''armonia'' (social harmony) (Ch.1)
''arthron'' (joint or fitting) (Greek) (Ch.1)
[[wikipedia:Basileus|''basileus'']] (Greek for monarch) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
''calculi'' (Roman) (we italicized) (Ch.2)
[[wikipedia:Calends|''calend'']] (new moon) (Latin) (Ch.1, Ch.2) (sometimes this was ''Kalends'' and sometimes it was ''calend''; we opted for ''calend'')
''calendarium'' (this was originally capitalized ''Calendarium'') (Roman) (Ch.2)
[[wikipedia:Chrematistics|chrematistics]] (Aristotle’s “[[wikipedia:Chrematistics|chrematistics]]”) (EPILOGUE)
1. ''chrematistike'' (the commercial acquisition of wealth), ''chrema'' (exchange value) (Ch.6)
[[wikipedia:Roman_circus|circuses]] (Ch.11)
''civitas'' (author had not italicized; we italicized) (Latin) (PROLOGUE)
''convivia'' (Roman plural for ''convivium''), banquet (Ch.6)
''damgar'' (we italicized) means merchant in Sumerian (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
[[wikipedia:French_Republican_calendar#:.7E:text.3Ddecade_.28group_of_ten_days.29|''décades'']] (“Each month was decimalized into three 10-day [[wikipedia:French_Republican_calendar#:.7E:text.3Ddecade_.28group_of_ten_days.29|''décades'']]”) (French Revolution period of 10 days) (Ch.1)
''deme'' (Greek: the local geographic ward) (we italicized) (Ch.1)
''dēmiourgoi'' (not ''demiourgoi'') (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
''demos''-citizenry (Greek) (we italicized) (Ch.1)
''deror'': italicized (Hebrew) (PROLOGUE, Ch.11, earlier) (''not'' ''d’ror'' as it was in Ch.11 before we switched apostrophe to an ''e'')
[[wikipedia:Dike_(mythology)|''dike'']] (Ch.10) (lowercase when not talking about the goddess)
[[wikt:dirigo#Latin|''dirige'']] (Latin for “to direct”) (''not'' ''dīrigō'') (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Dirigisme|dirigisme]] (opposite of laissez-faire; it’s a French word but we are not italicizing) (EPILOGUE)
[[wikt:droit#Old_French|''droit'']] (French for right) (Ch.3)
[[wikt:durchkomponiert#German|''durchkomponierte'']], “through-composed” (German) (Ch.2)
[[wikipedia:É_(temple)|''e.gal'']] (literally “big house” in Sumerian) (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Ekur|''Ekur'']] (Sumerian mountain house) (Ch.9)
[[wikipedia:EN_(cuneiform)|''en'']] (temple priestess/administrator in Sumerian cuneiform) (Ch.3, Ch.10)
[[wikipedia:Ensi_(Sumerian)|''ensi'']] (Sumerian ruler/prince of a city-state) (Ch.3, Ch.10)
[[wikipedia:Feng_shui|feng shui]] (''not'' italicized) (Ch.9)
[[wikipedia:Flamen_Dialis|''flamen dialis'']] (Latin, Roman, high priest of Jupiter) (''flamen Dialis'' in Wikipedia with capital D, but Hudson keeps lowercase) (Ch.10)
''genos'' (Greek for noble bloodline) (we italicized) (Ch.1)
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/gerousia ''gerousia''] (lowercase, Greek for senate, Spartan) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
''gesh'' (whole or man in Sumerian) (Ch.2)
[[wikipedia:Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)|gymnasia]] (Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:ʿApiru|hapiru]] (''not'' ʿApiru or Ḫabiru or Habiru, Ḫapiru or Hapiru; lowercase ''not'' capital; ''not'' italicized) (PREFACE, Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Spartiate|''homoioi'']] (Spartan or elite citizen) (Ch.6)
hubris (''not'' italicized even though Greek; we could be convinced otherwise) (Ch.2, Ch.10, EPILOGUE)
1. was italicized ''hubris'' throughout Ch.6 before we made it not-italicized to match other chapters
[[wikipedia:Roman_calendar#Days|''ides'']] (Roman/Latin for middle of month) (was capitalized before we made it lowercase) (Ch.2)
[[wikipedia:Babylonian_Map_of_the_World|''imago mundi'']] (lowercase per Ch. 3 originally; capitalized on Wikipedia)
''kaos'': sometimes italicized, sometimes not (we deferred to author’s original choices)
''karum'' areas (Ch.3)
[https://www.college-de-france.fr/en/agenda/lecture/mesopotamia-under-hammu-rabi-successors-continued/legal-life ''kittum''] (lowercase when talking about justice in Babylonian; also capitalized as a goddess [[wikipedia:Kittum|Kittum]] or Kittu) (PROLOGUE, Ch.10, Ch.11)
1. In Ch.11’s citation of Morris Jastrow, “[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23283795?read-now=1#page_scan_tab_contents Sun and Saturn],” ''Revue d’Assyriologie'', Vol. 7 (1909), p. 173, it is written in that text as ''ki-tum'' (for search purposes, not for the spelling we prefer in this book)
''kosmos'' and ''kosmoi'' (latter: Ch.1) (''not'' ''kósmos'')
1. We deferred to Hudson when it came to choosing to use ''kosmos'' or cosmos instead of ''kosmos''
[[wikipedia:Krater|kraters]] (''not'' italicized) (Ch.5, Ch.6)
'''Latin words:'''
1. '''''italicize:'''''
  1. ''cf.'' (Ch.11)
  2. ''lit.'' as abbreviation for “literally” (at least in the keywords section) (Ch.6, Ch.7)
  3. ''loc. cit.'' Ch.5 (means “in the place cited”)
  4. ''viz.'' (Ch.5, Ch.3)
2. '''don’t italicize:'''
  1. a priori (Latin word in Merriam Webster’s so don’t italicize it per [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed18/part2/ch07/psec057.html CMS 16]) (Ch.11)
  2. ibid. (PROLOGUE, Ch.6, others) (Latin word in Merriam Webster’s so don’t italicize it per [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed18/part2/ch07/psec057.html CMS 16])
  3. tabula rasa (not “rasa tabla” as Hudson originally wrote in Ch.11)
''leiturgoi'' for liturgies (not sure about this word; [[wikt:liturgy|Wiktionary]] and [[wikipedia:Liturgy_(ancient_Greece)|Wikipedia]] say ''leitourgía'') (Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Lictor|lictor]] (''not'' italicized, in [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lictor Merriam-Webster’s]): Roman officer with root “to bind” in Latin (Ch.10)
1. but plural Latin is italicized: ''lictores'' (Ch.10)
[[wikipedia:Ludi|''ludi'']] (Ch.11 and earlier)
[[wikipedia:Lugal|''lugal'']] (Sumerian word for ruler or big-man) (Ch.3, Ch.5, Ch.10)
[[wikipedia:Maat|''ma’at'']] meaning justice/order in Egyptian (PROLOGUE, Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Me_(mythology)|''me'']] (divine decrees in Sumerian) (Ch.3)
'''measurements:'''
1. '''measurements of length:'''
  1. ''beru'' ([[wikipedia:Danna_(Mesopotamian)|Akkadian]] or Babylonian, equivalent to the ''dannar''/''danner''/''danna'') (''not'' ''bêru'' per Wikipedia) (Ch.3)
  2. [[wikipedia:Cubit|cubit]] (Ch.3)
  3. [[wikipedia:Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement#:.7E:text.3D.F0.92.8D.91-.2Cleague.2C-30|''danna'']] (''not'' [[wikipedia:Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement#:.7E:text.3D.F0.92.8D.91-.2Cleague.2C-30|''dannar'']] ''nor'' ''danner'' ''nor'' [[wikipedia:Danna_(Mesopotamian)|''danna'']] per Hudson; ''not'' [[wikipedia:Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement#:.7E:text.3D.F0.92.8D.91-.2Cleague.2C-30|da-na]] per Wikipedia) (related Sumerian unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
  4. [[wikipedia:Fathom|fathom]] (Ch.3)
  5. [[wikipedia:Hand_(unit)|handbreadth]] (Ch.3)
  6. [[wikipedia:Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement#:.7E:text.3D1-.2Ckus3.2C-ammatu|''kush'']] (''not'' [[wikipedia:Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement#:.7E:text.3D1-.2Ckus3.2C-ammatu|''kuš'']])(“cubits”) (Sumerian unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
  7. [[wikt:nindan|''nindan'']] (“rod”) (Sumerian unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
  8. [[wikipedia:Pace_(unit)|pace]] (Ch.3)
  9. ''qi'' (''not'' [[wikipedia:Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement|''gi'']]) (Sumerian unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
  10. [[wikipedia:Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement|Roman foot]] (Ch.3)
  11. [https://www.britannica.com/science/shusi ''shusi''] (''not'' [[wikipedia:Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement#:.7E:text.3Dub.C4.81nu-.2C.F0.92.8B.97.F0.92.8B.9B.2C-foot|''šu-si'']]) (unit of measurement related to the ''kush'') (Sumerian unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
  12. [[wikipedia:Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement#:.7E:text.3D.F0.92.82.A0-.2Ccable.2C-1|''ush'']] (''not'' USH, ''nor'' [[wikipedia:Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement#:.7E:text.3D.F0.92.82.A0-.2Ccable.2C-1|''uš'']]) (related Sumerian unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
2. '''measurements of volume (volumetric)/capacity:'''
  1. [[wikipedia:Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement|''ban'']] (Sumerian volumetric unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
  2. [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ephah ephah] (''not'' italicized) Hebrew dry measure (Ch.10)
  3. [https://www.britannica.com/science/gur ''gur''] (Sumerian volumetric unit of measurement) (PROLOGUE, Ch.3, Ch.10, other chapters)
  4. [https://www.britannica.com/science/hin hin] (''not'' italicized) Hebrew wet measure (Ch.10)
  5. [https://www.ebl.lmu.de/dictionary/kurru%20I ''kurru''] (Babylonian volumetric unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
  6. [https://www.britannica.com/science/qa ''qu''] (Babylonian volumetric unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
    1. ''qû'' in Hildegard Lewy, “[https://www.jstor.org/stable/595393 Origin and Development of the Sexagesimal System of Numeration],” JAOS, Vol. 69 (1949)
    2. ''qa'' in some texts ([https://www.britannica.com/science/qa source: Britannica])
  7. [[wikipedia:Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement#:.7E:text.3Dgrain-.2C1.E2.81.84180.2C-.C5.A1e|''she'']] (''not'' [[wikipedia:Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement|''še'']]) (related unit of measurement to the below Sumerian)
  8. [[wikipedia:Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement|''sila'']] (Sumerian volumetric unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
  9. [[wikipedia:Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement|''sutu'']] (Babylonian volumetric unit of measurement) (''not'' [[wikipedia:Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement|''sutū'']] per Wikipedia) (Ch.3)
3. '''currencies:'''
  1. [[wikipedia:Denarius|''denarii'']], plural of [[wikipedia:Denarius|''denarius'']] (coin of Rome to Charlemagne) (Ch.3)
  2. [[wikipedia:Ancient_drachma|''drachmae'']] and [[wikipedia:Ancient_drachma|''drachma'']] (Greek/Athenian coins) (Ch.3)
  3. [[wikipedia:Libral_standard|''libra'']] (coin of Rome to Charlemagne) (Ch.3)
  4. [[wikipedia:Mina_(unit)|''mina'']] (Greek/Athenian coins) (Ch.3, Ch.10)
  5. [[wikipedia:Obol_(coin)|''obol'']] and [[wikipedia:Obol_(coin)|''obols'']] (Greek/Athenian coins) (Ch.3)
  6. [[wikipedia:Penny|pence]] (British coin) (Ch.3)
  7. [[wikipedia:Shilling|shilling]] (British coin) (Ch.3)
  8. [[wikipedia:Talent_(measurement)|''talent'']] (coin of Rome to Charlemagne) (Ch.3)
4. '''weights:'''
  1. [[wikipedia:As_(Roman_coin)|''as'']] (Roman pound) (could be copper) (Ch.3)
  2. [[wikipedia:Uncia_(unit)|''uncia'']], plural [[wikipedia:Uncia_(unit)|''unciae'']] (Roman ounce) (Ch.1, Ch.3)
5. '''general numbers:'''
  1. ''dekate'' (Roman 10)
[[wikipedia:Megaron|''megaron'']] (Ch.9; was sometimes italicized, sometimes not, so we could make it not italicized because it’s in Merriam-Webster’s; but we opted for italicized per Wikipedia)
[https://www.college-de-france.fr/en/agenda/lecture/mesopotamia-under-hammu-rabi-successors-continued/legal-life ''misharum''] (lowercase when talking about freedom [or justice (per link) or equity, both per Ch.10] in Babylonian; ''not'' mîšarum; also capitalized as god: [[wikipedia:Mīšaru|Mīšaru [Misharu]]]) (PROLOGUE, Ch.11, others)
1. ''shar [https://www.college-de-france.fr/en/agenda/lecture/mesopotamia-under-hammu-rabi-successors-continued/legal-life misharum] (Ch.10)''
[[wikipedia:Nadītu|''naditu'']] (priestesses, Babylonia) (Ch.2)
''nig.gina'' (Sumerian word for justice) (Ch.10, others)
''nig.sisa'' (Sumerian word for equity) (Ch.10, Ch.11, PROLOGUE) (originally was ''nig-sisa'' in PROLOGUE before we changed hyphen to period)
[[wikipedia:Nisan|Nisan]] (''not'' italicized) (Ch.2)
''nubanda'' (Sumerian administrative position; we could not find on Wikipedia so we trust the author on spelling; it might have been nu-banda) (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Oikos|''oikos'']]: sometimes was italicized in original; we decided to italicize throughout (italicized in WINTER)
1. [[wikipedia:Oikos|''oikoi'']] (plural) EPILOGUE (was not italicized until we made it so)
''Oikumene'' (coined by Arthur Toynbee) (''not'' ''oikouménē'' or ''Oikouménē'' or ''ecumene'' or [[wikipedia:Ecumene|''Ecumene'']]?) (Ch.1)
[[wikt:ὀρέγω|''orégō'']] (Greek for to stretch out in a straight line) (''not'' ''orego'') (Ch.3, Ch.10)
[[wikt:ὀρεκτός#Ancient_Greek|''orektós'']] (Greek meaning stretched-out in a straight line) (not ''orekhtos'') (Ch.3)
par excellence (Ch.2) (was originally italicized ''par excellence'' in Ch.6)
''phyles'' (“tribes”) (Greek) (we italicized) (Ch.1)
polis (''not'' italicized even though Greek; it’s in Merriam-Webster’s English dictionary; we could be convinced otherwise) (EPILOGUE)
[[wikipedia:Potlatch|''potlatch'']] ceremonies (Indigenous) (Ch.6)
'''''pryta''-related words:'''
1. [[wikipedia:Prytaneion|''prytaneion'']] (Greek city center, Greece; we corrected spelling from ''prytanion'' in Ch.1, Ch. 6, Ch.9 most cases since they referred to Greece)
2. [[wikipedia:Prytaneis|''prytaneis'']] (executives of the boule/council of ancient Athens, Greece)
3. ''prytaneum'' (Roman city center, Latin; in Ch.9, sometimes this spelling was used even when discussing Greece before we corrected it to only cases referring to Rome)
4. ''prytany'' (Greek administrative month; also the presidential office of the Athenian senate; also the period during which a section of the senate held the office of president, per [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prytany Merriam-Webster’s]) (Ch.1)
''raison d’être'' (Ch.4, Ch.6, Ch.11) (italicized and accent over the letter ''e'')
[[wikipedia:Recht|''Recht'']] (German for right) (Ch.3)
[[wikt:rectus|''rectus'']] (Latin for right, “straight”) (Ch.3)
[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/rex ''rex''] (Latin for ruler) (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Roma_quadrata|''Roma quadrata'']] (originally was not italicized and was capital Q before we fixed: was Roma Quadrata in Ch.9)
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/sanga-Mesopotamian-religious-official ''sanga''] (priest or bishop) (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Saturnalia|Saturnalia]] (the Roman holiday/celebration), [[wikipedia:Saturnalia|saturnalia]] (general time of excess); neither is italicized unless talking about a text title (PROLOGUE, Ch.1, Ch.2, Ch.6, Ch.11, EPILOGUE)
1. PROLOGUE example: [[wikipedia:Saturnalia|New Year Saturnalia]]
2. Ch.1 examples:
  1. a [[wikipedia:Saturnalia|Saturnalia]]-type festival
  2. Saturnalia festivals
  3. Later, such occasions became solar-oriented Saturnalia
  4. Saturnalia were times of release
  5. the conclusion of the Saturnalia
  6. Saturnalia-type holidays
3. Ch.2 example:
  1. a time of [[wikipedia:Saturnalia|Saturnalia]]
  2. a [[wikipedia:Saturnalia|Saturnalia]]-type residual
  3. Irregularities were set aside in the intellectual realm of Saturnalia, which became the raw material, the maelstrom of Plutonian re-creation
4. Ch.6:
  1. New Year [[wikipedia:Saturnalia|Saturnalia]] was the major archaic social occasion
  2. Saturnalia degenerated into orgies
  3. Hollywood portrayals of [[wikipedia:Saturnalia|Saturnalia]]
  4. From the Bronze Age Saturnalia to the Roman Orgy (section header)
  5. the purging [[wikipedia:Saturnalia|Saturnalia]]
  6. the late Roman orgies, which turned the word “Saturnalia” into a synonym for loss of social balance
5. Ch.11:
  1. The New Year rituals lapsed into mere [[wikipedia:Saturnalia|Saturnalia]]
  2. “[[wikipedia:Macrobius|Macrobius]] ([[wikipedia:Saturnalia_(Macrobius)|''Saturnalia'']] [https://archive.org/details/macrobius-saturnalia-book-01-english-1969/page/61/mode/1up I.7.32])” “Macrobius ([https://archive.org/details/macrobius-saturnalia-book-01-english-1969/mode/1up ''Saturnalia''] [https://archive.org/details/macrobius-saturnalia-book-01-english-1969/page/70/mode/1up I.10.1])” (this is the text; that’s why it’s italicized)
  3. on the holiday of [[wikipedia:Saturnalia|Saturnalia]].
  4. no war should be declared during the days of the Saturnalia
6. EPILOGUE:
  1. the Roman [[wikipedia:Saturnalia|Saturnalia]] with their [[wikipedia:Vomitorium|''vomitoria'']]
''Schoepfung'', the German word for creation (not [[wikipedia:Chaos_(cosmogony)#Old_Testament_studies|''Schöpfung'']]) (Ch.1)
[[wikipedia:Sed_festival|''sed'' festival]] (lowercase) (Egyptian) (PROLOGUE, Ch.9, Ch.10)
[[wikipedia:Seisachtheia|''seisachtheia'']] (by lawgiver Solon, from Athens, Greece) (PROLOGUE, Ch.11, EPILOGUE)
1. “a ‘shaking off of burdens’ (''seisachtheia'')” (PROLOGUE)
2. Solon’s ''seisachtheia''
[[wikipedia:Babylonian_calendar#:.7E:text.3DAra.E1.B8.AB-.2Csimanu.2C-.E2.80.93_.F0.92.8C.9A.F0.92.8B.9E|''Simanu'']] (May/June or the third month of the Babylonian year, which began on the spring solstice in mid-March): italicized, and ''not'' as Hudson originally had it in Ch.10 spelled differently and not italicized: [[wikipedia:Babylonian_calendar#:.7E:text.3DAra.E1.B8.AB-.2Csimanu.2C-.E2.80.93_.F0.92.8C.9A.F0.92.8B.9E|Simann]]
[[wikipedia:Śrāddha|''śrāddha'']] (''not'', as Hudson originally had it in Ch.10 while talking about Benveniste, [[wikipedia:Śrāddha|''s(h)radda'']]) (Sanskrit for “belief, trust,” an offering at a shrine)
Statue of Liberty (not italicized per Chicago Manual of Style) (PROLOGUE, Ch.11)
''sui generis'' (Ch.6)
''sympatheia'' (Greek for sympathies) (we italicized) (Ch.1)
[[wikt:synode|''synodes'']] (Greek) (Ch.2)
[[wikipedia:Syssitia|''syssitia'']] (Spartan military mess or banquet/meal) (Ch.6)
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/talion talion] (the law of [https://www.britannica.com/topic/talion talion]) (''not'' italicized) (Ch.10)
[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=tamias-cn ''tamias''] (''not'' ''tamien'' as Hudson originally wrote in Ch.6)
''temenos'' (Greek: protected space or precinct, often temple enclosure) (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Themis|''themis'']] (Ch.10)
[[wikipedia:Thesaurus#Etymology|''thesaurus'']] (Ancient Greek and Latin word meaning grain storehouse or storage) (Ch.10 and earlier)
[[wikipedia:Thiasus|''thiasos'']] (''not'' thiasus) (Ch.5)
[[wikipedia:Trireme|trireme]], [[wikipedia:Trireme|triremes]] (Ch.11)
triumph ([[wikipedia:Roman_triumph|Roman triumph procession]]) (Ch.12)
''trittyes'' or singular ''trittys'' (Greek; meaning third or what a tribe was divided into: “each of which was divided into three [[wikipedia:Trittys|''tryttes'']]”) (we italicized) (Ch.1)
[[wikipedia:Vomitorium|''vomitoria'']] (plural of ''vomitorium'') Roman Latin (Ch.6, EPILOGUE)
''wachsen'' (German for moon wax; was roman, we italicized) (Ch.2)
[[wikipedia:Weregild|wergild]] (''not'' italicizied, and ''not'' weregild as on Wikipedia) (Ch.10)
''Wetter'' (German for weather) (Ch.2)

Names

[[wikipedia:Apophis|’Apep]] (Egyptian serpent god of darkness/disorder) (''not'' Apep without an apostrophe, and not Apophis per Wikipedia) (Ch.11)
Achaemenids (''not'' Achmaenids) (Ch.9 had a typo; also in Ch.6, Ch.10, Ch.12, and BIBLIOGRAPHY)
[[wikipedia:Aeneas_Tacticus|Aeneas Tacticus]] (ancient Greek writer) (Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Aeschylus|Aeschylus]] (Greek tragedy dramatist) (Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Agis_IV|Agis]] (king) (PREFACE, Ch.11, EPILOGUE, others)
[[wikipedia:Ahura_Mazda|Ahura Mazda]] (Zoroastrian Persian Achaemenid period sun-god) (Ch.9)
1. Exception: [[wikipedia:Ahura_Mazda|Ahuramazda]] (in a quotation in Ch.3; everywhere else it should be [[wikipedia:Ahura_Mazda|Ahura Mazda]]) (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Ammi-Saduqa|Ammisaduqa]] (''not'' Ammi-Saduqa as on Wikipedia) (Ch.3, Ch.11)
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amon Amon] (Egyptian sun-god; in a quotation in Ch.3; could be [[wikipedia:Amun|Amun]] in other places) (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Anu|Anu]] (Babylonian god) (Ch.1, Ch.9)
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Apsu Apsu] (''not'' [[wikipedia:Abzu|Abzu, Abzû, or Apsû]]) (Sumerian god) (Ch.1)
1. the Deep [was with capital letter in running text before we changed]) (''not'' Abzû or Apsû) (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Ardashir_I|Ardashir I]] (Sasanian Empire) (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Aristophanes|Aristophanes]] (Greek comedy dramatist) (Ch.11 and earlier)
[[wikipedia:Ashoka|Asoka]] (''not'' Ashoka as in Wikipedia) (Ch.9)
[[wikipedia:Ashur_(god)|Assur]] (''not'' Ashur per Wikipedia) (Ch.3)
1. Note on Place: [[wikipedia:Assur|Ashur]] (''not'' Aššur ''nor'' Assur) when referring to the place and not the god (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS, Ch.1)
  1. Was [[wikipedia:Assur|Asshur]] in Ch.9 before we fixed
[[wikipedia:Ashurnasirpal_II|Assurnasirpal II]] (''not'' Ashurnasirpal II per Wikipedia) (Ch.3)
Athenion: there are multiple people with this name:
1. The tyrant [[wikipedia:Aristion#:.7E:text.3Dposidonius_calls_him_athenion|Athenion]] of Athens (Ch.5) but normally might be Aristion per [[wikipedia:Aristion#:~:text=posidonius%20calls%20him%20athenion|Wikipedia]]
2. [[wikipedia:Athenion_(comic_poet)|Athenion]] (who wrote ''The [[wikipedia:Samothrace|Samothracians]]) (Ch.6)''
[[wikipedia:Baal#Ba.CA.BFal|Baal]] (Canaanite weather-god) (Ugaritic god) (Ch.11) (''not'' Ba’al per [[wikipedia:Baal#Ba.CA.BFal|Wikipedia]]) (see: specific: [[wikipedia:Baal-zephon|Wikipedia on Baal-Zephon]] and generic: [[wikipedia:Baal|Wikipedia on Baal]]) (Ch.1)
1. Sapanu: “Ugaritic [[wikipedia:Baal-zephon|Baal]] on Sapanu” (''not'' [[wikipedia:Baal-zephon|afon, ''ṣapāni'', Mount Zaphon, ''ṣap̄on'']])
[[wikipedia:Berossus|Berossus]] (Greek writer of Creation myth of Babylon) (Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Cadmus|Cadmus]] (Phoenician prince); we changed this from Cadmos to Cadmus per [[wikipedia:Cadmus|Wikipedia]] (Ch.1)
1. Cadmean letters (''not'' Cadmian letters) (Ch.1)
[[wikipedia:Chaac|Chac]] (''not'' Chaac or Chaahk) (Mayan god) (Ch.1)
'''classical/biblical monsters''' (“The Hebrew [[wikipedia:Jehovah|Jehovah]] battled the ‘“crooked serpent”’ [[wikipedia:Leviathan|Leviathan]], alias [[wikipedia:Tannin_(mythology)|Tannin]], ‘the Dragon,’ alias [[wikipedia:Rahab_(term)|Rahab]] ‘the Rager’” [Ch.11]):
1. [[wikipedia:Leviathan|Leviathan]] (Ch.1, Ch.11)
2. [[wikipedia:Rahab_(term)|Rahab]] (Ch.1, Ch.11)
3. [[wikipedia:Tannin_(mythology)|Tannin]] (Ch.1, Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Cleisthenes|Cleisthenes]] (Ch.9)
[[wikipedia:Cleomenes_III|Cleomenes]] (king) (PREFACE, Ch.11, EPILOGUE, others)
[[wikipedia:Cleitarchus|Clitarchus]] (''not'' Cleitarchus as in Wikipedia—although this is per a citation [not a quoted excerpt] in [https://archive.org/details/architecturemyst00leth/page/237/mode/1up?q=clitarchus Lethaby], so if it were to appear in other chapters as Cleitarchus, consider changing it here) (Ch.9)
[[wikipedia:Croesus|Croesus]] (was originally written [[wikipedia:Croesus|Croesis]]) (Ch.6)
[[wikipedia:Ctesias|Ctesias]] (in Athenaeus) (Ch.6)
[[wikipedia:Cyclopes|Cyclopes]] (from the ''Odyssey'') (Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Diogenes_Laertius|Diogenes Laërtius]] (Ch.5)
[[wikipedia:El_(deity)#Ugarit_and_the_Levant|El]] (supreme weather-god of the Canaanites) (Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Ten_thousand_years#:.7E:text.3DThe_term_wansui_.28.E8.90.AC.E6.AD.B2.29.2C.2Cprobably_coined_during_Han_dynasty.|Emperor of Ten Thousand Years]] (China) (Ch.5)
[[wikipedia:Enentarzi|Enentarzi]] (a temple administrator or ''sanga'' who became ruler in Lagash in Sumer) (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Enheduanna|Enheduanna]] (Sargon’s daughter), ''not'' Enhueduanna (Ch.9)
Enikgal (Sumerian administrator whose name means lord of the large gate; we could not find on Wikipedia and are trusting Hudson on spelling) (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Enki|Enki]] (Sumerian god) (Ch.9 and earlier)
[[wikipedia:Enkidu|Enkidu]] (Ch.6, Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Enlil|Enlil]] (Sumerian god) (Ch.1, Ch.9)
[[wikipedia:Enmesharra|Enmesharra]] (Ch.11) (''not'' as originally written: EnMisharum probably meaning En-Misharum; it’s not this way even in Ch.11’s citation of Morris Jastrow, “[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23283795?read-now=1#page_scan_tab_contents Sun and Saturn],” ''Revue d’Assyriologie'', Vol. 7 (1909), various pages, it is written in that text as En-Me Šar-ra (for search purposes, not for our spelling)
[[wikipedia:Entemena|Enmetena]] (Lagash ruler c. 2400 BC) (Ch.11) (also Entemena [switched letters in middle] on Wikipedia)
[[wikipedia:Eratosthenes|Eratosthenes]] (ancient Greek polymath/astronomer) (Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Ereshkigal|Ereshkigal]] (Sumerian goddess, queen of the underworld) (Ch.1, Ch.9)
1. ''not'' Ereskigal as in Ch.5 before we fixed it
2. ''not'' [[wikipedia:Ereshkigal|Erishkigal]] as in a footnote in Ch.10 before we fixed it (we later cut this)
[[wikipedia:Erishum_I|Erishum]] (Assyrian ruler) (PREFACE)
[[wikipedia:Euripides|Euripides]] (Greek comedy dramatist) (Ch.11 and earlier)
[[wikipedia:Dumuzid|Dumuzi]] (''not'' Dumuzid) (Sumerian god) (Ch.1, Ch.5)
[[wikipedia:Gelon|Gelon]] (tyrant of Syracuse) (Ch.6, possibly Ch.5)
[[wikipedia:Gudea|Gudea]] (Ch.1, PREFACE, and others)
Habhaby (Ch.2)
1. “Tablets excavated in the north Syrian site of [[wikipedia:Ebla|Ebla]] dating from c. 2400 BC describe an astral-deity Habhaby as having ‘the horns of the moon and the tail(s) of the sun.’ A millennium later in Late Bronze [[wikipedia:Ugarit|Ugarit]] (on the northern Phoenician shore) this same deity, now rendered as Haby, is described as having ‘“horns and a tail,” anticipating the familiar iconography of Satan.’ By the time of the Old Testament, Isaiah (xxvi 20) admonishes the Israelites to ‘take cover behind locked doors until the menace of Haby passes.’ [[wikipedia:Book_of_Habakkuk|Habakkuk]] iii.4 refers to him as Hebyon, identified by his horns which connote both light and strength. (These references are lost in the usual English translations of the Bible, which reads as if the Lord himself comes as Haby.)” (source: Ch.2, with quotations inside from: Cyrus H. Gordon, “[https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004275638/B9789004275638-s026.xml Ebla as Background for the Old Testament],” in ''Congress Volume Jerusalem 1986'', in ''Vetus Testamentum'', Supplements, Vol. 40 (Brill: 1988), p. 293.)
[[wikipedia:Hammurabi|Hammurapi]] (not Hammurabi) (PREFACE, Ch.9, Ch.10, Ch.11, Ch.12, EPILOGUE)
[[wikipedia:Heraclitus_of_Cyme|Heracleides of Cumae (Cyme)]] (in Athenaeus) (Ch.6)
[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hieron-I Hieron] (tyrant of Syracuse) (was originally written [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hieron-I Heiron]) (Ch.6, possibly Ch.5 too)
[[wikipedia:Gaius_Julius_Hyginus|Hyginus]] (Roman/Latin author/astronomer Gaius Julius Hyginus; work cited in Ch.11: ''Astronomica'' II, 42.6–10, cited in work cited: Morris Jastrow, “[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23283795?read-now=1#page_scan_tab_contents Sun and Saturn],” ''Revue d’Assyriologie'', Vol. 7 (1909), pp. 163–178.) (Ch.11)
Ibbi-Sin (was IbbiSin before we added hyphen) (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Ilu-shuma|Ilushuma]] (''not'' Ilu-Shuma) (PREFACE)
[[wikipedia:Inanna|Inanna]] (originally written incorrectly we think, as Innana) (note placement of the letter ''n''s) (PROLOGUE, Ch.2)
1. [[wikipedia:Sin_(mythology)|Nanna]], a moon-god of Ur (Ch.9, Ch10)
2. [[wikipedia:Sin_(mythology)|Nannu]] (or: this might be Sin or Nanna or Inanna? we added to Talk page Ch.5)
[[wikipedia:Ishbi-Erra|Ishbi-Erra]] (was IshbiIrra before we added hyphen and changed Irra to Erra per Wikipedia) (Ch.3)
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ishtar-Mesopotamian-goddess Ishtar] (Akkadian goddess)
[[wikipedia:Jehovah|Jehovah]] (Hebrew) (Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Gyges_of_Lydia|King Gyges of Lydia]] (Ch.6)
[[wikipedia:Loki|Loki]] (in [[wikipedia:Germanic_paganism|Teutonic mythology]]) (German) (Ch.1)
[[wikipedia:Lucian|Lucian]] (Greek writer of ''The Syrian Goddess'', not ''The Gods of Syria'' as Hudson originally wrote in Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Lugalanda|Lugalanda]] (Enentarzi’s son, also a ruler of Lagash in Sumer) (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Lugal-zage-si|Lugalzaggesi]] (''not'' as Wikipedia has it Lugal-Zage-Si ([[wikipedia:LUGAL|''LUGAL'']]''.ZAG.GE.SI'') or Lugal-zage-si) (Ch.10)
1. As Hudson originally wrote it in Ch.10: “the Sumerian empire-builder Lugalzaggesi of Umma and Uruk sacked Lagash’s temples in the 25th century BC”
[[wikipedia:Mehet-Weret|Mehet-Weret or Mehturt]] (Egyptian deity of the sky, means “Great Flood” as of Ch.1)
1. Exception: in quotation: Mehetwēret (''not'' Mehetweret) [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22038/22038-h/22038-h.htm per quotation source]: (G. Elliot Smith, [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22038/22038-h/22038-h.htm ''The Evolution of the Dragon''] [Manchester: 1919]) (Ch.1)
[[wikipedia:Mithridates_VI_Eupator|Mithradates]] (ruler of [[wikipedia:Kingdom_of_Pontus|Pontus]]) (Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Mot_(god)|Mot]] (Canaanite god of death or autumn/fall/aridity) (Ch.11)
Muhammad (was Muhammed with an ''e'' before we changed it) (Ch.1)
[[wikipedia:Nabis_of_Sparta|Nabis]] (king) (PREFACE, Ch.11, others)
[[wikipedia:Nabu|Nabu]] (Babylonian god, associated with Mercury or Saturn) (Ch.1, Ch.11)
1. In Ch.11’s citation of Morris Jastrow, “[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23283795?read-now=1#page_scan_tab_contents Sun and Saturn],” ''Revue d’Assyriologie'', Vol. 7 (1909), various pages, it is written in that text as Nebo or Nebo-Mercury (for search purposes, not for our preferred spelling throughout the book)
[[wikipedia:Nāga|Naga]] (''not'' nāgá per Wikipedia) (half-human, half-serpent in Indian culture, sort of a god)
[[wikipedia:Nanshe|Nanshe]] (goddess, not the king [[wikipedia:Ur-Nanshe|Ur-Nanshe]]) (PROLOGUE, Ch.2)
[[wikipedia:Naram-Sin_of_Akkad|Naram-Sin]] (''not'' NarumSin as originally written in Ch.9, Ch.10): grandson (or son per Lord Raglan?) of Sargon of Akkad of the Akkadian Empire
[[wikipedia:Nebuchadnezzar_II|Nebuchadnezzar]] (''not'' Nebuchadnezzar II) (Babylonian king) (Ch.5)
[[wikipedia:Nehemiah|Nehemiah]] (Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Ninurta|Ningirsu]] (Sumerian god; ''not'' Ninurta or Ninĝirsu as on Wikipedia) (Ch.3, Ch.5, Ch.9)
[https://archive.org/details/mythsofenkicraft0000unse/page/31/mode/1up Ninmah] (''not'' Ninhursag per Wikipedia) (Ch.9)
[[wikipedia:Nisaba|Nisaba]] (was [[wikipedia:Nisaba|Nidaba]]) (Ch.3, Ch.4, Ch.10)
1. Hudson quotes [https://archive.org/details/mythsofenkicraft0000unse/mode/2up a source] with this goddess’s name spelled Nidaba later in Ch.3, but Wikipedia spells it [[wikipedia:Nisaba|Nisaba]]
2. Ch.10: was spelled Nidaba before we fixed
[[wikipedia:Numa_Pompilius|Numa]] (Rome’s “[[wikipedia:Numa_Pompilius|Numa]]”) (king of Rome 715–672 BC) (Ch.1)
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nun-Egyptian-god Nun] (''not'' [[wikipedia:Nu_(mythology)|Nu]]) (Ch.1)
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oannes Oannes] (Neo-Babylonian god) (Ch.1)
[[wikipedia:Phaethon|Phaethon]] (as Wikipedia and Jastrow have it; ''not'' [[wikipedia:Phaethon|Phaeton]] as it was in Ch.11 before we added the second ''h'') (son of the sun god Helios who drove his dad’s chariot and drove the sun too far and too close to the earth) (Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Pisistratus|Pisistratids]] (''not'' Peisistratids as was written in Ch.9)
Pythagoreans, Pythagoreanism (''not'' Pythagorianism, Pythagorians) (Ch.5)
[[wikipedia:Python_(mythology)|Python-dragon]] (the lunar [[wikipedia:Python_(mythology)|Python-dragon]]) (Greek lunar-god killed by Apollo) (Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Ra|Ra]] (Egyptian sun-god) (Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Samsu-iluna|Samsuiluna]] (''not'' Samsu-iluna per Wikipedia) (Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Sargon_of_Akkad|Sargon]], Sargon of Akkad or Sargon the Great, first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, known for conquests of Sumerian city-states (Ch.9)
[[wikipedia:Seneca_the_Younger|Seneca]]
1. With respect to usury, EPILOGUE: “this did not deter [[wikipedia:Seneca_the_Younger#:.7E:text.3Dseneca_had_acquired_a_vast_personal_fortune_of_three_hundred_million_sestertii_by_charging_high_interest_on_loans_throughout_italy_and_the_provinces.|Seneca]] from being one of the major usurers of his day” ([[wikipedia:Seneca_the_Younger#:~:text=seneca%20had%20acquired%20a%20vast%20personal%20fortune%20of%20three%20hundred%20million%20sestertii%20by%20charging%20high%20interest%20on%20loans%20throughout%20italy%20and%20the%20provinces|source: Wikipedia]]).
[[wikipedia:Set_(deity)|Set]] (''not'' Seth) (Egyptian god) (Ch.1, Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Seti_I|Sethos I]] of Egypt (''not'' Seti I) (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Shamash|Shamash]] (Babylonian sun-god; was Sha mash in one instance in Ch.3 but seemed to be an error since later in Ch.3 it was one word) (Ch.9, Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Shulgi|Shulgi]] (Ch.3, Ch.9, Ch.10)
[[wikipedia:Sophocles|Sophocles]] (Greek tragedy dramatist) (Ch.11 and earlier)
[[wikipedia:Sosigenes_(astronomer)|Sosigenes]] (Egyptian astronomer) (Ch.1)
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tammuz-Mesopotamian-god Tammuz] (Mesopotamian god) (Ch.11) (''not [[wikipedia:Dumuzid|''Dumuzid'']])''
[[wikipedia:Tiamat|Tiamat]] (PROLOGUE, other chapters)
[[wikipedia:Thoth|Thoth]] (Egyptian god) (Ch.1)
[[wikipedia:Thutmose_III|Thutmose III]] of Egypt (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Ur-Nammu|Ur-Nammu]] (was UrNammu before we added hyphen) (Ch.3, Ch.10, Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Ur-Nanshe|Ur-Nanshe]] (king, not the goddess [[wikipedia:Nanshe|Nanshe]]) (was UrNanshe before we added hyphen) (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Urukagina|Urukagina]] (Ch.3, Ch.11)
1. [[wikipedia:Urukagina|Uruinimgina]] (in Ch.6; in Ch.3 was [[wikipedia:Urukagina|Urukagina]])
[[wikipedia:Yam_(god)|Yam]] (Canaanite spirit of the waters or sea-god; [[wikipedia:Ugarit|Ugaritic]] sea-deity) (Ch.1, Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Zimri-Lim|Zimri-Lim]] (Ch.3, Ch.11)
1. originally was spelled/punctuated as it was on Britannica in Ch.3 before we added hyphen and capitalized Lim: [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zimrilim Zimrilim]
2. We decided in Ch.11 to follow Wikipedia and hyphenate

Bibles or Sacred Texts and Related Terms (Generally Not Italicized)

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (in footnote that was deleted; can be changed) (Ch.1)
Bible
biblical (''not'' Biblical) debt cancellations: we changed to lowercase but we could consider capitalizing it if it could be ambiguously read (PREFACE)
biblical [[wikipedia:Cherub|Cherubim]] (was: Biblical Cherubim before we made biblical lowercase) (Ch.2)
[[wikipedia:Patriarchs_(Bible)|biblical Patriarch List]] (Ch.1, others)
1. In Ch.1 this was capitalized and plural before we changed it: ''not'' [[wikipedia:Patriarchs_(Bible)|Biblical Patriarch Lists]]
2. In Ch.5 was lowercase before we changed it: ''not'' biblical patriarch list
[[wikipedia:Book_of_the_Dead|Book of the Dead]] (was book of the Dead before we capitalized Book), ''not'' italicized (Ch.2)
'''chapter number in citations:'''
1. [[en.wikisource:Bible_(King_James)/Leviticus#25:10|Chapter 25 of Leviticus]] (capitalized “Chapter”)
[[wikipedia:Enūma_Eliš|Enuma Elish]] (capitalize Elish; ''not'' Enuma elish and ''not'' Enūma Eliš); ''not'' italicized (Ch.1; Ch.5 we added; Ch.11 was written “Enuma elish” before we capitalized elish; also was in PREFACE; before we updated to the above, it was italicized, and elish was lowercase in Ch.3: ''Enuma elish''); or, should this be: ''Enūma Eliš'': italicized and capitalized as it was in PREFACE originally?
[[wikipedia:Gnosticism|Gnostics]] (was gnostics before we capitalized) (Ch.2)
I Ching (not YiChing as Hudson wrote) (Ch.9)
Irish Annals (in footnote that was deleted; can be changed) (Ch.1)
Kabbalistic, Kabbalists, [[wikipedia:Kabbalah|Kabbalah]], Kabbalism (''not'' cabalistic, cabbalistic, cabalism; and ''not'' kaballa, kabbalists as it was sometimes before we updated) (Ch.2, Ch.5)
Koran (''not'' Quran) (Ch.10)
[[wikipedia:Twelve_Tables|Laws of the 12 Tables]] (''not'' [[wikipedia:Twelve_Tables|XII Tables]]), Roman c. 450 BC (Ch.3; Ch.9)
[[wikipedia:Madrid_Codex_(Maya)|Mayan Codex Troano]] (Ch.1)
Nestor’s Russian Chronicle (in footnote that was deleted; can be changed) (Ch.1)
[[wikipedia:Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus|Rhind Mathematical Papyrus]] (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Rigveda|Rig Veda]] (Indian text) ''not'' Rigveda (originally was RigVeda) (Ch.1)
Ten Commandments (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Vedas|vedas]] (Ch.3) (not capitalized, not italicized): “the early Sanskrit [[wikipedia:Vedas|vedas]] or sacred books refer to the word ''vedi'', ‘earth,’”
1. ''vedi'' (italicized, lowercase) (Ch.3)
Wheel of [[wikipedia:Book_of_Ezekiel|Ezekiel]] (Book of Ezekiel) (Ch.2)

Non-Religious Books

Gilgamesh epic (Ch.1, Ch.6, Ch.7)
Odyssey (Ch.6, Ch.10, Ch.11, Ch.12)

Places and Peoples and Languages

[[wikipedia:Adab_(city)|Adab]] (Ch.3)
American Indian (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Assur|Ashur]] (''not'' Aššur ''nor'' Assur) when referring to the place and not the god (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS, Ch.1)
Campagna (in ancient Rome) (or Campania?) (Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Çatalhöyük|Çatalhöyük]] (''not [[wikipedia:Çatalhöyük|''Çatal Huyuk'']]'' nor ''Catal Huyuk'' nor ''Çatal Höyük'' nor ''Çatal Hüyük) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS, Ch.9)''
[[wikipedia:Isthmus_of_Corinth|Corinthian Isthmus]], the (not Isthmus of Corinth per Wikipedia) (Ch.11)
1. [[wikipedia:Isthmian_Games|Isthmian Games]] (referring to the Isthmus of Corinth) (Ch.11)
Cro-Magnon, Cro-Magnons
[[wikipedia:Cyprus#Prehistoric_and_ancient_period|Cyprus]] (Ch.10 and earlier)
[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilmun Dilmun] (use link [[wikipedia:Dilmun|wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilmun]] and ''not'' [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilmun simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilmun]) (it’s called an island but might be mythological) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS, Ch.3, Ch.10, and other chapters)
'''directions'''
1. Central Asia (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
2. North African (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
3. Western Europe (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS, Ch.5)
[[wikipedia:Elam|Elamite]] (Ch.10)
[https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/457530554/esarra Esharra] (temple in Sumerian) (''not'' Ešarra) (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Hurrians|Hurrian]], [[wikipedia:Hurrians|Hurrians]] (Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Indus_Valley_Civilisation|Indus]] civilization (Ch.10 and earlier)
[[wikipedia:Karum_(trade_post)|Karum Kanesh]] (Ch.9)
[[wikipedia:Konya-Karaman_Plain|Konya-Karaman Plain]] (''not'' [[wikipedia:Konya-Karaman_Plain|Konya plain]]) (Ch.9)
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kwakiutl Kwakiutl] (Pacific Northwest) (Ch.6)
[[wikipedia:Mycenaean_Greece|Mycenaean Greece]] (or the Mycenaean civilization) (Ch.10 and earlier)
[[wikipedia:Naqsh-e_Rostam|Naqsh-i Rustam]] (only in a Ch.3 quotation; otherwise: [[wikipedia:Naqsh-e_Rostam|Naqsh-e Rostam]]) (Ch.3)
Neanderthal, Neanderthals
[[wikipedia:Nemea|Nemea]] (Ch.11)
1. [[wikipedia:Nemean_Games|Nemean Games]] (Ch.11)
[[wikipedia:Nippur|Nippur]] (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Panhellenic_Games|Panhellenic Games]] (Ch.11) (NOT as originally written in Ch.11: pan-Hellenic games: “[[wikipedia:Panhellenic_Games|four athletic contests]] which the Greeks staged on a rotating basis between [[wikipedia:Olympia,_Greece|Olympia]], [[wikipedia:Delphi|Delphi]] (the [[wikipedia:Pythian_Games|Pythian Games]], held halfway through the [[wikipedia:Olympiad|Olympiad]]), [[wikipedia:Nemean_Games|Nemea]], and the [[wikipedia:Isthmian_Games|Corinthian Isthmus]].”)
[[wikipedia:Ischia|Pithekoussai (modern Ischia)]] (Ch.5, Ch.10)
1. Initially, we had changed to [[wikipedia:Ischia|Pithecusa (modern Ischia)]] in Ch.5, but then we reverted back to Pithekoussai
2. Originally Pithekoussai in Ch.10
3. Also Pithekoūsai on Wikipedia for Greek
4. Pithecusa is Roman/Latin spelling per Wikipedia
5. Pithekoussai in a 2024 article and how Hudson usually spelled it originally; acceptable in Wikipedia
[[wikipedia:Sámi_languages|Sámi languages]] (northern languages in northern Europe [northern Finland, Norway, Sweden, northwestern Russia]), ''not'': Lapp language (per [[wikipedia:Sámi_languages|Wikipedia]]: “the exonyms Lappish and Lappic. The last two, along with the term Lapp, are now often considered pejorative.”)
[[wikipedia:Sea_Peoples|Sea Peoples]] (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
[[wikipedia:Shuruppak|Shuruppak]] (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Sidon#History|Sidon]]
[[wikipedia:Temple_of_Juno_Moneta|temple of Juno Moneta]] (Rome) (Ch.3)
1. [[wikipedia:Juno_(mythology)#Juno_Moneta|Juno Moneta]] (goddess) (Ch.12, earlier)
Türkiye (the country, throughout) (''not'' Turkey) (Ch.9)
[[wikipedia:Tyre,_Lebanon|Tyre]]
[[wikipedia:Ugarit|Ugarit]]
1. [[wikipedia:Ugaritic|Ugaritic]] (language, different link)
[[wikipedia:Umma|Umma]] (Ch.3)
[[wikipedia:Third_Dynasty_of_Ur|Ur III]] (the Third Dynasty of Ur) (Ch.3)
1. Ur’s Third Dynasty (Ch.1)
2. [[wikipedia:Third_Dynasty_of_Ur|Third Dynasty of Ur]] (Ch.10)
[[wikipedia:Uruk|Uruk]] (Ch.3 and others)
1. [[wikipedia:Uruk_period|Uruk expansion]] (was Uruk Expansion in EPILOGUE until we made expansion lowercase; use Wikipedia link for [[wikipedia:Uruk_period|Uruk period]])

Spelling

'''backward''' ''not'' backwards
'''cancel, canceled, canceling, cancellation''' (one letter ''l'' for all, except '''cancellation''' and ''not'' cancelation) (per house style)
'''commonweal''' (this is fine if Hudson didn’t intend commonwealth; originally Hudson wrote “common weal” but we prefer one word) (Ch.10)
'''draft''' animals (''not'' draught animals, which is [https://www.merriam-webster.com/grammar/using-draft-and-draught#:~:text=British%20usage%20dictates%20draftsperson%20to,uses%20draft%20in%20these%20senses. British]) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
'''entrepôt''' (with accent) (Ch.5, Ch.9, Ch.10)
'''factorial''' (''not'' factoral) (Ch.3)
'''forward''' ''not'' forwards (per house style)
'''loath''' to acknowledge (''not'' loathe to acknowledge) (EPILOGUE)
[[wikipedia:Millenarianism|'''millenarianist''']], [[wikipedia:Millenarianism|'''millenarianism''']] (was originally written [[wikipedia:Millennialism|millennarianist]] before we removed one ''n'') (is there one n or two in millenarianism/[[wikipedia:Millennialism|millennarianism]]?) (see Stephen Jay Gould on [[wikipedia:Millenarianism#Terminology|Wikipedia [Millenarianism#Terminology]]]) (EPILOGUE)
'''moneys''' (“public moneys”) (''not'' monies) (EPILOGUE)
'''Muslim''' (''not'' Moslem) (Ch.1)
'''new words/neologisms:'''
1. '''astralized''' (Ch.5)
2. '''calendrically''' (Ch.11)
3. '''cosmologized''' (Ch.5), '''cosmologizing''' (Ch.6)
4. '''ligamentation''' (Ch.10)
'''northward''' ''not'' northwards (Ch.1)
'''ocher''' (''not'' ochre) (Ch.5)
'''parceled''' ''not'' parcelled (Ch.9)
'''scepter''' (''not'' sceptre, except in quotations) (Ch.3)
'''stela''' (''not'' stele singular), plural '''stelae''' (''not'' steles) (Ch.9, Ch.10, Ch.3)
'''traveled''', '''traveling''', '''traveler''' (''not'' travelled, travelling, traveller) (per Associated Press Stylebook, house style)

Numbers and Numerals

generally use [[Project:Style Guide#Numbers Versus Numerals|house style]] on numerals versus written-out numbers (one through nine, 10+)
1. multiples of numbers: follow this rule too: '''fours, sevens, 12s, 10s, 20s, 14s, 28s''' (''not'' 4s, 7s, twelves, and so forth) (Ch.1, Ch.2)
years in the thousands: follow [[Project:Style Guide#Eras|house style]]
1. 10,000+: use comma after the third-rightmost whole digit. Example: 10,000 BC
2. <10,000: no comma. Example: 4000 BC
fractions: let them be as Hudson originally wrote them, generally (sometimes this may go against house style):
1. 1/4 (without converting to the glyph ¼)
2. one ten-millionth (without using numerals) (Ch.1)
3. one twelfth (without using numerals or hyphen) (''not'' one-twelfth nor 1/12th) (Ch.1, Ch.2)
4. ''But'' it’s okay to use numerals: 12th, 12ths (''not'' twelfth, twelfths) (Ch.5 and beyond) (unlike in Ch.1 and Ch.2, where the rule above applies instead)
5. one 10th (no hyphen) (Ch.2)
6. one eighth (no hyphen) (Ch.2)
mathematical equations/mathematical expressions:
1. Watch out for missing superscript formatting for powers (Ch.5)
equals signs: space equals sign space (2 + 2 = 4), unless the equals sign directly follows an open parenthesis, in which case it’s: (= number)
plus signs: spaces before and after plus signs: 1 + 2 + 3 (Ch.2, Ch.5)
percent written-out per house style (example: 33 percent, ''not'' 33%)
degrees: write out degrees (not the degree sign °)
1. 360-degree circle (''not'' 360 circle, where any mention of degrees or ° was missing)
2. Originally there was a not-superscript lowercase o instead of the degree sign ° until we fixed it: 360o circle
3. degrees Celsius (''not'' ° Centigrade)
latitude and longitude:
1. '''latitude 32.5 degrees north''' (Ch.1): Originally there was a not-superscript lowercase o instead of the degree sign ° or our preferred written-out “degrees” until we fixed it: ''not'' 32.5o N
verses and chapters in in-text citations of classical texts: '''Herodotus Book V, Chapter 66''' [originally was: Herodotus V.66, Herodotus V.69 (V period number or V.# without a space before the number for verse); '''Aristotle (''Politics'' Book I, Chapter ix)''' (Ch.1)
! exclamation point after a number means factorial (intentional)
365 1/4-day solar year (use hyphen, ''not'' en dash; ''not'' 365 1/4–day solar year) (Ch.1, Ch.2)
Watch out for letter ''l'' being used instead of the numeral 1. We caught it in a few places but may have missed instances. (Ch.5, others)

Dates

BC (not BCE), following Hudson’s example
AD (not CE), following Hudson’s example
circa: c. (not ca.) (PREFACE, SUMMER, others)

Punctuation

comma-light policy overall: generally allow no comma where one might naturally occur for a breath (against house style and many writers’ styles)
citation punctuation: page numbers (Ch.9 and others):
1. in footnotes, individual chapter bibliography sections, and BIBLIOGRAPHY chapter: use a '''comma''' before p. or pp.: ''', pp.''' or ''', p.'''
2. in in-text citations (whether in parentheses or not): use a '''colon''' before p. or pp.: Example: 1881''': p.''' or Rawlinson''': pp.'''
  1. how to write page numbers with volume number also indicated: 1881''': Vol.''' I''', p.''' 21
for quotations, when a change between upper and lower case might be called for in the new context of the quotation compared to the original quotation: Hudson usually prefers to leave the original context’s capitalization of the first letter (unless it’s the first word of a sentence), rather than bracketing the first letter in a different title case. (Ch.9)
colons: capitalize the first word after a colon (against house style), even if what follows logically after the colon is not multiple complete sentences.
1. exclusions: lowercase first word after a colon:
  1. “But without an explanatory gloss we would not know what postwar scholars have discovered: '''that''' instead of being as abstract as our modern idea of freedom, the terms used, from Mesopotamia to Israel, meant something quite specific a cancellation of personal debts as part of an overall proclamation freeing debt-slaves and ‘restoring order.’” (PROLOGUE)
  2. “Water as an ordering principle of regularity: '''the''' rising of rivers with the springtime melting of winter snows, and seasonal rains.” (Ch.1)
vis-à-vis (with the accent and hyphens) (Ch.3 and others)

Linguistic Notations

word roots: italicize the word or root part, and don’t use asterisks. Example: ''reg'' (''not'' *reg) (Ch.3, others)
1. ''weik'', ''weiko'', ''kens'' (''not'': *''weik'', *''weiko'', ''*kens'') (Ch.7)
2. ''med'', ''reg'' (''not'' *''med, *reg'') (Ch.6)
3. ''reg'' (''not'' ''*reg'') (Ch.5)
4. ’''amint'', ''gen'' (''not'' *’''amint'', *''gen'') (Ch.10)
  1. Exceptions: permit the asterisk when the root word is part of a quotation: Examples: *''dhmo'', *''bheidh-'', *''dhro'', *''yous'' (Ch.10)
words treated as words, not their meanings: put these in quotation marks (''do not'' italicize if the word is English). This includes non-English words, English words, and words with English cognates. Non-English words (including foreign words with English cognates) are italicized when treated as a word or word root.
1. See beginning of Chapter 3 with a mix of italicization, quotation marks, and neither used: “right,” “correct,” “direct,” and “straight,” counterpoised to “crooked” and “sinister” (Ch.3)
2. Helpful hint words/phrases introducing terms that should be in quotation marks include “the term,” “the word,” and “the phrase” (Ch.10 and others)
3. If part of a word is being emphasized for having a similar root, you can just italicize the root part for emphasis and the whole word/phrase in quotation marks. Example: “''reg''iment” and “''regi''men” (Ch.3)
non-English or foreign words: generally italicize (even if they are ''also'' in quotation marks to treat them as a word and not its meaning as mentioned above). See '''[[The Creation of Order/Help Us Edit and Join This Collaborative Research Project/Style Guide for This Book#Italicization of Non-English or Foreign Words and Works of Art|Italicization of Non-English or Foreign Words and Works of Art]]''' for specific terms, especially tricky ones with English cognates or that are in Merriam-Webster’s and are treated without italicization. Example: The word “word” (or the foreign word “''word''”) generally (Ch.2, Ch.3, others)

== Miscellaneous Terms, Abbreviations, Link Preferences, Footnote Points, Citation Style, and Author’s General Writing Preferences ==

e.g.: commas both before and after e.g. (''not'' italicized ''e.g.'')
abbreviations:
1. editor and editors: ed. and eds.
2. translator and translators: tr. and trs.
“in leap year” is fine (''not'' “in a leap year” ''nor'' “in leap years”) (Ch.1)
'''Observatory Editor’s Note:''' (bold) for footnotes that we add (PROLOGUE, Ch.1)
number of animal ribs footnote: '''Observatory editor’s note:''' “Bull” or “cow” in ''The Creation of Order'' generally refers to bison, which have 28 ribs. (Modern-day cows in the U.S. have 26 ribs.)
“Rome’s [[wikipedia:Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy|abolition of kingship]] did away with the ritual combat ceremony (there being no more monarch to contend with the forces of darkness after the aristocrats dethroned the kings in the sixth century BC)” (Ch.11: Wikipedia link to “[[wikipedia:Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy|Overthrow of the Roman Monarchy]]” page)
“which” where we would normally use “that” is acceptable as the author’s general preference since he uses it consistently throughout the book (and we do not make the correction we would normally make for house style of adding a comma before “which,” against [[Project:Style Guide#Commas for Nonessential Clauses|house style]])
bibliographic citation style (in footnotes, individual chapter bibliography sections, and BIBLIOGRAPHY chapter): unlike the [[Project:Style Guide#Links and Footnotes|Observatory’s Style Guide]], this book uses in-text Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)/Modern Language Association (MLA)-style citations; Hudson originally varied using [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-1.html Notes and Bibliography] style per CMS and [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Author-Date] style (preferred in sciences, American Psychological Association or APA style); since he started with Notes and Bibliography, and this book falls more under the arts than the sciences, we opted for the CMS method throughout ([https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html see CMS on both])
self-references to this book or chapter (intrabook/internal references):
1. references to this book: we generally opted for “''The Creation of Order''” instead of “this book” since we adapted the work for the Observatory’s online format. However, there were some exceptions, especially later in the book.
2. references to chapters: we generally replaced “Chapter #” with the chapter title, with a link to that chapter over the title, with no quotation marks and not italicized. If a link is incorrect or missing, please let us know using the button (text “Suggest an edit for or comment about this book or its chapters. Join the research!”) at the top of this page that leads to a contact form and let us know which chapter, the entire sentence, and the missing link or link error.
  1. In an internal note or Talk page or note about a “Stub chapter” (such as in the introductory note for Ch.10: “This chapter is a stub that would benefit from Collaborative Research volunteer expansion”), it’s okay to use the word “chapter” or “Chapter #” format instead of the full chapter title written-out (a link is still preferred if it’s to a chapter that’s not the self-same one; let us know if one is missing).
    1. Exception: this does not apply in this style guide on this self-same page, where “Ch.#” or “PROLOGUE” in all-caps without a link is preferred as shorthand.
verb tense in cited works:
1. For the Bible, other sacred texts, and existing artifacts, use present-tense verbs
2. For most written works written by an individual/individuals (no matter how old or how recently published, and this includes classical texts and most ancient texts), use past-tense verbs: “she wrote” ''not'' “she writes”
  1. Exception: For linguistics/philology/etymology, present-tense verbs may be used, such as “''term'' means ‘x’” (especially in discussions involving Émile Benveniste’s work) (Ch.10 and elsewhere)
3. For statements about past civilizations including (assumed nonexisting currently) artifacts, use past-tense verbs
Superscript formatting may have been unintentionally lost during conversion to wikitext. Please notify us if you suspect text is supposed to be formatted as superscript but is not (especially in mathematical formulas). We spotted a few examples in Ch.3 and Ch.5.

Links to Wikipedia

Insert a Wikipedia link we think seems helpful to readers the first time the word/phrase appears in the Keynotes section and again the first time it appears in the body of each chapter.

Equinox and Solstice Date Facts

Equinoxes: March 20 and September 23, demarcating spring and autumn respectively (Ch.2)
Solstices: approximately December 21 for winter (Ch.2)

↑ Alexander Marshack, “Epipaleolithic, Early Neolithic Iconography” (1981), International Symposium on “The Culture of Lepenski Vir and the Problems of the Formation of Neolithic Cultures in Southeastern Europe.”

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[1] Alexander Marshack, “Epipaleolithic, Early Neolithic Iconography” (1981), International Symposium on “The Culture of Lepenski Vir and the Problems of the Formation of Neolithic Cultures in Southeastern Europe.”

[1]