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The Creation of Order

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This book was produced by Human Bridges.

Michael Hudson

Michael Hudson has devoted his career to the study of debt.

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• Frontmatter
• Preface
• Prologue: What Are the Roots of Civilization?
• Chronology and Maps
• Spring: Establishing Society’s Structural Proportions
• 1. How the Archaic Kosmos Integrated Nature and Society
• 2. The Shift From Lunar to Solar Calendars and Counting
• 3. Measures, Rules, and Prices
• Summer: Balancing Self-Expression With Group Order
• 4. Alphanumeric Notation and the Calendrical-Musical Kosmos
• 5. Music, Temperament, and Social Concord
• 6. The Distributive Justice of Group Feasts and Banquets
• Autumn: The Division of Labor and Economic Justice
• 7. Social Division Into Calendrical Tribes and Ranks
• 8. From the Temple Corporation to the Family Oikos (Household)
• 9. The Archaic Cosmology of Cities: Building the Kosmos on Earth
• Winter: The Archaic Order in Motion and Its Collapse
• 10. Social Justice Sanctified, From Inanna and Nanshe to Nemesis
• 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
• 12. The Cosmology of War
• Epilogue: Modern Civilization as the Destruction of Archaic Order
• Backmatter
• Acknowledgments
• Bibliography
• Lecture: How Temples and Religion Played a Central Role in Creating the Ancient Economic Order That Has Become Secularized Today
• Help Us Edit and Join This Collaborative Research Project
• Navigate the Query Pages Throughout This Book
• Style Guide for This Book

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Table of Contents of This Book’s Chapters’ Query Pages

Use the list at this link to navigate among The Creation of Order’s chapters’ various types of queries pages, as well as their corresponding main chapter pages.

Hyphenation

Answering the question: should this phrase be hyphenated, have spaces instead of hyphens, or be a single word?

1. -gerunds (-keeping, -making, etc.)
   1. account-keeping (we added hyphen to PROLOGUE; originally was accountkeeping)
   2. bookkeeping (Ch.3)
   3. bronze-making (PREFACE)
   4. calendar-keeper, calendar-keeping (not calendarkeeper, calendarkeeping) (PROLOGUE, Ch.1)
   5. calendar-making (we changed from calendarmaking) (Ch.3)
   6. city-founding (we changed from cityfounding) (Ch.3)
   7. cosmos-building (PROLOGUE)
   8. counting-words (Ch.2)
   9. forward-planning (PROLOGUE, Ch.1, Ch.2, Ch.3)
   10. image-making (we changed from imagemaking) (Ch.3)
   11. inventory-keeping (was inventorykeeping before we added hyphen) (Ch.4)
   12. kaos-organizing
   13. kosmos-building
   14. landholding (PREFACE, CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS, Ch.9)
   15. law-giving sky, law-givers (Ch.3)
   16. mapmaker (Ch.9)
   17. metalworking (we changed from metal working) (Ch.3 and earlier)
   18. model-building (we changed from modelbuilding) (Ch.3)
   19. moneylending (we did not add hyphen; not money-lending) (PREFACE, PROLOGUE)
   20. record-keeping (we added hyphen; originally was recordkeeping in PROLOGUE) (Ch.9, etc.)
   21. Roman empire building (noun) (Ch.9: not empire-building here)
   22. sound-maker
   23. star-grouping (Ch.2)
   24. symbol-writing (was symbolwriting before we added hyphen) (Ch.4)
   25. temple-founding (we changed from templefounding) (Ch.3)
   26. time-keeper (Ch.2)
   27. time-keeping (we added hyphen; originally was timekeeping) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
   28. town-builder (was townbuilder before we added hyphen) (Ch.9)
   29. wealth-getting (we changed from wealthgetting) (Ch.3)
   30. wealth-seeking (not wealthseeking) (PREFACE, Ch.6, EPILOGUE)
2. -god, -goddess, -dragon, -deities, etc.
   1. agricultural-goddess (was agricultural goddess before we added hyphen to match other mentions; but this could go back to agricultural goddess if necessary) (PROLOGUE, Ch.3)
   2. astral deity (Ch.2)
   3. avenging-goddess (we changed from avenging goddess) (Ch.3)
   4. calendrical-god (we added hyphen; was calendrical god) (Ch.2)
   5. celestial deity (Ch.2)
   6. chaos-dragon (not chaosdragon)
   7. fertility-goddess (was fertility goddess before we replaced space with a hyphen) (Ch.2)
   8. grain-goddess (was grain goddess before we replaced space with a hyphen) (Ch.2)
   9. justice-goddess (was justice goddess before we replaced space with a hyphen) (Ch.2, Ch.3 [was justice goddess before we added hyphen to match Ch.2])
   10. lunar-order–goddesses (not lunar-order goddesses nor lunar order goddesses nor lunar order-goddesses) (PROLOGUE, Ch.2)
   11. lunar zodiac, lunar phases, lunar months, lunar year, lunar calendar, lunar periodicity, lunar cycle, lunar animal (Ch.2)
   12. lunar-deities (Ch.2)
   13. lunar-dragon (not lunardragon nor lunar dragon) (Ch.1)
   14. lunar-goddess (not lunargoddess)
   15. lunar order-goddess, lunar-order–goddesses (PROLOGUE and elsewhere)
   16. male deities (Ch.2)
   17. native deities (Ch.2)
   18. order-goddess (was order goddess before we added a hyphen) (Ch.2)
   19. sea dragon (not seadragon as originally in Ch.10; nor sea-dragon, but we could be convinced)
   20. solar-deities (Ch.2)
   21. solar-god (we added hyphen; was solar god) (Ch.2)
   22. solar-justice–gods (PROLOGUE)
   23. solar-lion (we added hyphen; was solar lion) (Ch.2)
   24. storm-god (we added hyphen; was storm god) (Ch.2)
   25. sun-god (not sungod)
   26. votive-god (we added hyphen; was votive god) (Ch.2)
   27. water-dragon (Ch.2)
   28. wisdom-god (we changed from wisdomgod) (Ch.3)
3. -rent
   1. ground-rent
   2. land-rent (was landrent) (Ch.1, Ch.3)
4. -slave, -servitude, debt-
   1. debt cancellations (was debt-cancellations in some cases in Ch.11 before we switched to a space instead of a hyphen)
   2. debt forgiveness (not debt-forgiveness) Ch.11
   3. debt-claim (Ch.10)
   4. debt-servitude (not debtservitude)
   5. debt-slave (not debtslave); debt-slavery (was debt slavery before we added hyphen in Ch.10)
5. anti-state, anti-states (Ch.9)
6. arm’s-length (adjective), arm’s length (noun) (Ch.9)
7. art patrons (Ch.5) (not art-patrons)
8. back taxes (not back-taxes) (Ch.1)
9. beveled-rim bowl (not bevelled-rim bowl and not beveled rim bowl, unless quoting or the title of a work) (Ch.3)
10. big-men and strongmen
    1. big-man, big-men
    2. strongman, strongmen (Ch.5)
11. Bonpo (was hyphenated Bon-po before we closed up), Tibetan Buddhist (Ch.2)
12. book-price, book-value (was bookprice, bookvalue before we added hyphens) (Ch.3)
13. city-symbol (Ch.9)
14. city-temple (was citytemple before we added hyphen) (Ch.3)
15. comet-like (we added hyphen but could revert to cometlike) (Ch.1)
16. cord-lines (not cord lines) (Ch.2)
17. cosmo-historical, cosmo-history (Ch.5)
18. directions
    1. east–west (en dash, not hyphen; not east-west) (Ch.1)
    2. north–south axis (en dash, not hyphen; not north-south axis) (Ch.2)
19. far-flung
20. finance-capital (EPILOGUE)
21. flood water (Ch.1)
22. free fall (noun), free-fall (verb) (was freefall before we added space in CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
23. hardwood
24. ice cap (not icecap)
25. inasmuch (acceptable without spaces or hyphens)
26. Indo-European–speaking peoples (first hyphen, then en dash) (PROLOGUE)
27. intercity (Ch.3)
28. keyword (not key-word)
29. kidney-shapes (was kidneyshapes before we added hyphen) (Ch.3)
30. king lists (Ch.5) (not king-lists)
31. land owners (WINTER)
32. lawbreaker (Ch.1)
33. leap year
34. lunar-menstrual symbolism (Ch.2)
35. lunisolar (was luni-solar before we removed hyphen) (Ch.15)
36. market-price (was marketprice before we added hyphen) (Ch.3)
37. measuring line (Ch.3, Ch.11) (was measuringline before we added a space)
38. measuring rope (Ch.3) (we changed from measuring-rope to measuring rope)
39. measuring rule (Ch.3)
40. measuring stick (was measuringstick before we changed) (Ch.3 [changed from measuring-stick to measuring stick])
41. mountaintop (Ch.1)
42. neo-kingship
43. nighttime (Ch.2)
44. pantheon-head (was pantheonhead before we added hyphen) (Ch.3)
45. peasant-
    1. peasant-armies, peasant-army (PREFACE) (Ch.10 was peasant army instead of peasant-army until we added a hyphen)
    2. peasant-infantry (Ch.11)
    3. peasant-infantrymen (EPILOGUE)
46. postwar
47. pre-urban (PROLOGUE, Ch.9)
48. proto-city, proto-cities (Ch.9)
49. proto-market (Ch.10) (was protomarket until we added hyphen)
50. proto-monetary, proto-money (was protomonetary or protomoney before) (Ch.6)
51. proto-science (Ch.2)
52. proto-town, proto-towns (Ch.9, Ch.1) (we added hyphen to prototown)
53. proto-urban (Ch.9)
54. rainfed (PREFACE)
55. ration-measure (Ch.1)
56. re-creation (when meaning creating again) not recreation (Ch.1)
57. re-enact, re-enacted, re-enactment (Ch.9); re-enacting (Ch.10 had reenacting before we added hyphen)
58. re-establish (Ch.11)
59. reordering (not re-ordering) (Ch.1) (was re-ordering in PREFACE before we fixed to reordering)
60. rib cage (rib-cage before we replaced hyphen with a space) (Ch.2)
61. right triangle (not right-triangle) (Ch.3)
62. root-word (Ch.2)
63. ruling rod (Ch.3)
64. schoolchildren
65. seed grain, seed-grain allocations (Ch.1, Ch.6)
66. sharecropping, sharecropper (Ch.2, Ch.9)
67. shekel-weight (we added hyphen; originally was shekelweight in PROLOGUE) (Ch.1)
68. sky-chief (Ch.1)
69. slave dealers (EPILOGUE)
70. springtime (Ch.2 and others earlier)
71. syllable-signs (was syllablesigns before we added hyphen) (Ch.4)
72. timeframe
73. top-grade, low-grade (was topgrade, lowgrade before we added hyphens) (Ch.3)
74. town house (not townhouse) (Ch.9)
75. unit-fraction (Ch.3)
76. user-fees
77. warlord
78. warlordship (PROLOGUE)
79. watch face (was watch-face before we added a space; refers to clock face) (Ch.2)
80. weather-cycle (Ch.2)
81. word-signs (was wordsigns before we added hyphen) (Ch.4)
82. word-symbols (was worldsymbols before we added hyphen) (Ch.4)
83. year-round

Capitalization

1. ‘Ashura (a festival in Morocco, contemporary, at Fez and among the Berber-speaking tribes of Morocco per Gaster) (Ch.11)
2. Aboriginal (Ch.6)
3. ancient order (EPILOGUE) (was capitalized Ancient Order before we made it lowercase)
4. Assyriology, Assyriologists (Ch.11)
5. Babylonian Creation epic (PROLOGUE)
6. Clean Slates, Clean Slate
7. Coronation Ceremony (in a quotation: “the archaic Coronation Ceremony,” Hocart Kingship 1927) (Ch.11)
8. Creation myth (Ch.1)
9. Creation or creation (we generally left what Hudson originally had, with some exceptions: we don’t know why sometimes Creation was capitalized and sometimes was lowercase; we’re going to leave them alone and assume Hudson had some rule.) (Ch.1; Ch.11 had “Creation myth” originally)
10. Day of Judgment (EPILOGUE)
11. Deluge, the (biblical Flood) (Ch.3)
12. directions
    1. Buddhist east, the (was the Buddhist East) (Ch.9)
    2. east and west (was originally East and West in Ch.6 before we fixed)
    3. equator (sometimes was capitalized; we made lowercase for consistency) (Ch.1)
    4. Far East (Ch.6, EPILOGUE, and others)
    5. Near East, Near Eastern
    6. Pacific Northwest (Ch.6)
    7. southern hemisphere, northern hemisphere (Ch.1)
    8. western civilization (PROLOGUE, EPILOGUE, and others) (was Western capitalized in some cases before we fixed)
    9. western Eurasia (was capitalized w before we changed) (PREFACE, EPILOGUE)
    10. western European (was Western European before we changed) (Ch.5)
13. earth (except in quotations where it is capitalized Earth), even as planet (Ch.2 and others)
14. economic freedom (as in, “Mesopotamian economic freedom acts”) (Ch.10) (was capitalized “Mesopotamian Economic Freedom acts” before we decided keep lowercase)
15. Edict of Diocletian (Ch.9)
16. edict of Hammurapi (Ch.11 was capitalized until we made it lowercase; “subsequent edicts of Ammisaduqa and Samsuiluna”)
17. equinox, spring equinox, vernal equinox (Ch.1)
18. eras/time periods
    1. antiquity (Greek and Roman antiquity)
    2. Axial Age (Ch.10)
    3. Babylonian period (“the Old Babylonian period” in Ch.2, “Old Babylonian period” in Ch.9)
    4. Bronze Age
       1. Early Bronze Age (PREFACE, PROLOGUE)
       2. Late Bronze Age (PROLOGUE, CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
       3. Middle Bronze Age (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
    5. chalcolithic (formerly was capitalized in CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS; was lowercase in Ch.2 before we made it lowercase to match neolithic, mesolithic, etc.)
    6. classical times, classical studies, classical texts, classics department
    7. Dark Age, generally and specifically
       1. We decided to capitalize generally both the ordinal number and Dark Age in most cases:
          1. Specifically: First Dark Age, Second Dark Age, Third Dark Age (EPILOGUE)
             1. First Dark Age either “Late Bronze Age collapse” (1200 BC) or the “Greek Dark Ages”
             2. Second Dark Age (feudalism; Hudson said 0–1000 AD but we think this was 500–1000 AD)
             3. Third Dark Age (hypothetical)
          2. Generally: “first real Dark Age” (PROLOGUE)
       2. Roman Dark Age is brought up in Ch.9’s Keywords section
       3. Two Dark Ages (First Dark Age and Second Dark Age) are brought up in the EPILOGUE
       4. Multiple times in CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS besides these examples: “The Late Bronze Age (1600 BC–1200 BC) signaled the beginning of the Dark Age in Babylonia” and “The Bronze Age ends with a Dark Age (1200–750 BC)” and “A new kind of Dark Age descended after about AD 400, nearly two thousand years after the collapse of Babylonia and other Late Bronze Age societies in 1600 BC and 1200 BC initiated the classical privatization process.”
    8. Enlightenment (Age of Enlightenment in Wikipedia) (EPILOGUE)
    9. Golden Age (a Golden Age, a lost Golden Age), generally or specifically (Ch.1)
    10. great break (was Great Break once and great break another time; related to Dark Age; we opted for lowercase for both in PROLOGUE)
    11. Hellenistic Age
    12. Ice Age
    13. Intermediate Period (“an Intermediate Period of the Bronze Age”) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
    14. Iron Age (Ch.11, earlier chapters, EPILOGUE)
    15. medieval (was Medieval, we made lowercase) (Ch.1)
    16. mesolithic
    17. modern era, the
    18. Neo-Elamite period
        1. Exception in Ch.10: because this is a quotation in Margaret Root, leave capitalized as it is there (normally not neo-Elamite Period)
    19. neolithic (lowercase)
    20. paleolithic (EPILOGUE)
        1. upper paleolithic (it was all-caps, but we made all lowercase to match with style of mesolithic and neolithic) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS) (leaving capitalized Upper Paleolithic in Ch.1 because it appears in a Marshack 1981 quotation, but in CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS and anywhere else it might be added, we have this lowercase.)
    21. stone age, new stone age, late old stone age (was originally capitalized Stone Age in EPILOGUE before we made it lowercase in context that could disobey the lowercase rule: “the Bronze Age, stone age, and even the Ice Age”)
19. Festschrift (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
20. Flood (a Flood, Great Flood) (Ch.1, Ch.2)
21. Four Quarters of the World (was Four Quarters of the world before we capitalized last word) (Ch.2)
22. France’s 1789 Revolution (Ch.1)
23. games
    1. Delphi’s Pythian Games (Ch.5, Ch.6, Ch.11) (was Pythian games lowercase until we capitalized in Ch.11)
    2. Great Games (Ch.6)
    3. Greek games (Ch.6)
    4. Olympiads, Olympiad (capitalized even though lowercase in Wikipedia) (Ch.11)
    5. Olympic Games (was Olympic games lowercase until we capitalized in Ch.11)
24. Gaster (from Gaster quotations/discussion in Ch.11 context only):
    1. Initiation (in a quotation)
    2. Purgation stage
    3. Rites of Invigoration
    4. Rites of Jubilation
    5. Rites of Mortification
    6. Rites of Purgation
    7. Ritual Combat
       1. sometimes capitalized in context of Gaster
       2. sometimes lowercase (we left as Hudson had written generally)
    8. Ruler versus the Dragon, the
25. He (when referring to God in Old Testament quotations)
26. heaven/heavens (except in quotations where it is capitalized Heaven/Heavens)
27. Hierapolitan Festival of Fires (per Lucian) (Ch.11)
28. Hittite Puruli festival (Ch.11)
29. Indus Valley
    1. but plural: Euphrates, Nile, and Indus river valleys
    2. except: Tigris and Euphrates Valley river systems (Ch.9)
    3. Ch.3 plural: Nile and Indus valleys
30. invisible hand (Adam Smith’s “invisible hand”) (not Invisible Hand as it was originally in EPILOGUE) (Ch.6, EPILOGUE)
31. Jubilee Year (biblical Jubilee Year of Leviticus, the) (PREFACE, other chapters; Ch.11 mentions “In Judaic law, Leviticus (Chapter 25 dealing with the Jubilee Year)”)
    1. “Deuteronomy’s septennial freeing of debt-slaves” (Ch.11)
32. Law of Nations (EPILOGUE) (we could be convinced to make this lowercase or leave capitalized and italicize) (should this be lowercase: law of nations or italicized [as in the book title: Law of Nations?])
    1. Argument for lowercase: Merriam-Webster
    2. Argument for capitalization/italicization: Wikipedia
    3. Argument for capitalized without italicization: Hudson’s original choice in EPILOGUE
33. Lion-Bull conflict, the (Ch.2)
34. Lord, the Lord, the Lord himself (when referring to God in Bible quotations) (Ch.2, Ch.9, Ch.10)
35. Metonic eclipse cycle (Ch.1)
36. Minotaur (Ch.1)
37. Moral Philosophy (EPILOGUE) (we could be convinced to make this lowercase)
38. Natural Law (Natural Law of equity and distributive justice) (PREFACE, PROLOGUE)
39. Neo-Assyrian Empire (was neo-Assyrian empire before we capitalized Neo and Empire) (Ch.11)
40. Neo-Babylonian (was neo-Babylonian before we updated) (Ch.9)
41. Neo-Babylonian empire (Ch.1)
42. Neo-Sumerian (was neo-Sumerian before we capitalized Neo in Ch.10)
43. new moon, the (was New Moon sometimes but we made lowercase) (Ch.2)
44. New Year, New Year’s day
45. Oriental
    1. Usually avoid the outdated term unless it’s the title of a journal, a quotation, etc.
    2. Exceptions:
       1. EPILOGUE: “Bronze Age Sumer and Babylonia were not ‘Oriental despotisms.’” (We don’t know where the quotation is from; maybe the book Oriental Despotism by Karl August Wittfogel? It was not in any bibliography in the original text.)
       2. PREFACE: “If it was simply an Oriental despotism, as some people believed” (it was not in quotation marks here, but seems related to the EPILOGUE mention above so we kept it in)
46. Orphics, the (in Greece) (Ch.1)
47. Peoples of the Sea
48. Pole Star (Ch.2)
49. Pontus (Ch.11)
50. Roman Empire (“from the Roman Republic to the Empire”)
51. Rome’s Forum (Ch.9)
52. Rome’s Social War (Ch.1)
53. Secessions of the Plebs (PREFACE)
54. Soviet Union’s 1917 Revolution, the (Ch.1)
55. Stoic (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
56. Struggle of the Orders (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
57. Sumerian King List (not italicized) (Ch.1, Ch.5)
58. Temple of Vesta (was lowercase temple of Vesta originally, but Wikipedia capitalizes T, so we made the change) (Ch.9)
59. Thesmophoria and Eleusinian mysteries (but it might be Eleusinian Mysteries with a capital Mysteries if mentioned one at a time, per Wikipedia) (Ch.11)
    1. “the Dionysian, Eleusian, and other mystery plays” (Ch.11) (Greco-Roman mysteries)
60. third world (even when used as an adjective before a noun) (earlier chapters, PREFACE, Ch.5)
61. Thousand-Year Reich (Nazi Germany) (Ch.5)
62. Tower of Babel (Ch.4)
63. troy ounces (Ch.1 and others later)
64. Vestal Virgins (in Rome) (Ch.9)
65. zeitgeist (we changed from Zeitgeist) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)

Italicization of Non-English or Foreign Words and Works of Art

1. agon dramas (Ch.11)
2. agora (Greek for space; also Ancient Greek/Athenian meeting place) (not italicized; we probably would italicize plural agorai though) (Ch.3, Ch.9)
3. akitu festival (not akidu festival as Hudson originally wrote in Ch.10) (Ch.11, earlier)
4. amargi (Sumerian word for freedom) not ama-gi (PROLOGUE, Ch.11, EPILOGUE) (question: not ama-gi or amagi instead per Wikipedia? [see this query in the Prologue and the same query in Chapter 11])
5. amphictyonic, amphictyonies (could be convinced to leave unitalicized and capitalize instead) (Ch.7, Ch.9, Ch.12, PREFACE)
6. andurārum: italicized (Akkadian) (PROLOGUE and many later chapters, especially Ch.11) (we added link in Ch.11 and in PROLOGUE; might have to check earlier chapters for consistency)
7. archon (not italicized) (Greek: magistrate) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS, EPILOGUE)
8. aristos (“fittest, best”) (Ch.1)
9. armonia (social harmony) (Ch.1)
10. arthron (joint or fitting) (Greek) (Ch.1)
11. basileus (Greek for monarch) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
12. calculi (Roman) (we italicized) (Ch.2)
13. calend (new moon) (Latin) (Ch.1, Ch.2) (sometimes this was Kalends and sometimes it was calend; we opted for calend)
14. calendarium (this was originally capitalized Calendarium) (Roman) (Ch.2)
15. chrematistics (Aristotle’s “chrematistics”) (EPILOGUE)
    1. chrematistike (the commercial acquisition of wealth), chrema (exchange value) (Ch.6)
16. circuses (Ch.11)
17. civitas (author had not italicized; we italicized) (Latin) (PROLOGUE)
18. convivia (Roman plural for convivium), banquet (Ch.6)
19. damgar (we italicized) means merchant in Sumerian (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
20. décades (“Each month was decimalized into three 10-day décades”) (French Revolution period of 10 days) (Ch.1)
21. deme (Greek: the local geographic ward) (we italicized) (Ch.1)
22. dēmiourgoi (not demiourgoi) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
23. demos-citizenry (Greek) (we italicized) (Ch.1)
24. deror: italicized (Hebrew) (PROLOGUE, Ch.11, earlier) (not d’ror as it was in Ch.11 before we switched apostrophe to an e)
25. dike (Ch.10) (lowercase when not talking about the goddess)
26. dirige (Latin for “to direct”) (not dīrigō) (Ch.3)
27. dirigisme (opposite of laissez-faire; it’s a French word but we are not italicizing) (EPILOGUE)
28. droit (French for right) (Ch.3)
29. durchkomponierte, “through-composed” (German) (Ch.2)
30. e.gal (literally “big house” in Sumerian) (Ch.3)
31. Ekur (Sumerian mountain house) (Ch.9)
32. en (temple priestess/administrator in Sumerian cuneiform) (Ch.3, Ch.10)
33. ensi (Sumerian ruler/prince of a city-state) (Ch.3, Ch.10)
34. feng shui (not italicized) (Ch.9)
35. flamen dialis (Latin, Roman, high priest of Jupiter) (flamen Dialis in Wikipedia with capital D, but Hudson keeps lowercase) (Ch.10)
36. genos (Greek for noble bloodline) (we italicized) (Ch.1)
37. gerousia (lowercase, Greek for senate, Spartan) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
38. gesh (whole or man in Sumerian) (Ch.2)
39. gymnasia (Ch.11)
40. hapiru (not ʿApiru or Ḫabiru or Habiru, Ḫapiru or Hapiru; lowercase not capital; not italicized) (PREFACE, Ch.11)
41. homoioi (Spartan or elite citizen) (Ch.6)
42. hubris (not italicized even though Greek; we could be convinced otherwise) (Ch.2, Ch.10, EPILOGUE)
    1. was italicized hubris throughout Ch.6 before we made it not-italicized to match other chapters
43. ides (Roman/Latin for middle of month) (was capitalized before we made it lowercase) (Ch.2)
44. imago mundi (lowercase per Ch. 3 originally; capitalized on Wikipedia)
45. kaos: sometimes italicized, sometimes not (we deferred to author’s original choices)
46. karum areas (Ch.3)
47. kittum (lowercase when talking about justice in Babylonian; also capitalized as a goddess Kittum or Kittu) (PROLOGUE, Ch.10, Ch.11)
    1. In Ch.11’s citation of Morris Jastrow, “Sun and Saturn,” Revue d’Assyriologie, Vol. 7 (1909), p. 173, it is written in that text as ki-tum (for search purposes, not for the spelling we prefer in this book)
48. kosmos and kosmoi (latter: Ch.1) (not kósmos)
    1. We deferred to Hudson when it came to choosing to use kosmos or cosmos instead of kosmos
49. kraters (not italicized) (Ch.5, Ch.6)
50. Latin words:
    1. italicize:
       1. cf. (Ch.11)
       2. lit. as abbreviation for “literally” (at least in the keywords section) (Ch.6, Ch.7)
       3. loc. cit. Ch.5 (means “in the place cited”)
       4. viz. (Ch.5, Ch.3)
    2. don’t italicize:
       1. a priori (Latin word in Merriam Webster’s so don’t italicize it per CMS 16) (Ch.11)
       2. ibid. (PROLOGUE, Ch.6, others) (Latin word in Merriam Webster’s so don’t italicize it per CMS 16)
       3. tabula rasa (not “rasa tabla” as Hudson originally wrote in Ch.11)
51. leiturgoi for liturgies (not sure about this word; Wiktionary and Wikipedia say leitourgía) (Ch.11)
52. lictor (not italicized, in Merriam-Webster’s): Roman officer with root “to bind” in Latin (Ch.10)
    1. but plural Latin is italicized: lictores (Ch.10)
53. ludi (Ch.11 and earlier)
54. lugal (Sumerian word for ruler or big-man) (Ch.3, Ch.5, Ch.10)
55. ma’at meaning justice/order in Egyptian (PROLOGUE, Ch.11)
56. me (divine decrees in Sumerian) (Ch.3)
57. measurements:
    1. measurements of length:
       1. beru (Akkadian or Babylonian, equivalent to the dannar/danner/danna) (not bêru per Wikipedia) (Ch.3)
       2. cubit (Ch.3)
       3. danna (not dannar nor danner nor danna per Hudson; not da-na per Wikipedia) (related Sumerian unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
       4. fathom (Ch.3)
       5. handbreadth (Ch.3)
       6. kush (not kuš)(“cubits”) (Sumerian unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
       7. nindan (“rod”) (Sumerian unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
       8. pace (Ch.3)
       9. qi (not gi) (Sumerian unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
       10. Roman foot (Ch.3)
       11. shusi (not šu-si) (unit of measurement related to the kush) (Sumerian unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
       12. ush (not USH, nor uš) (related Sumerian unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
    2. measurements of volume (volumetric)/capacity:
       1. ban (Sumerian volumetric unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
       2. ephah (not italicized) Hebrew dry measure (Ch.10)
       3. gur (Sumerian volumetric unit of measurement) (PROLOGUE, Ch.3, Ch.10, other chapters)
       4. hin (not italicized) Hebrew wet measure (Ch.10)
       5. kurru (Babylonian volumetric unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
       6. qu (Babylonian volumetric unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
          1. qû in Hildegard Lewy, “Origin and Development of the Sexagesimal System of Numeration,” JAOS, Vol. 69 (1949)
          2. qa in some texts (source: Britannica)
       7. she (not še) (related unit of measurement to the below Sumerian)
       8. sila (Sumerian volumetric unit of measurement) (Ch.3)
       9. sutu (Babylonian volumetric unit of measurement) (not sutū per Wikipedia) (Ch.3)
    3. currencies:
       1. denarii, plural of denarius (coin of Rome to Charlemagne) (Ch.3)
       2. drachmae and drachma (Greek/Athenian coins) (Ch.3)
       3. libra (coin of Rome to Charlemagne) (Ch.3)
       4. mina (Greek/Athenian coins) (Ch.3, Ch.10)
       5. obol and obols (Greek/Athenian coins) (Ch.3)
       6. pence (British coin) (Ch.3)
       7. shilling (British coin) (Ch.3)
       8. talent (coin of Rome to Charlemagne) (Ch.3)
    4. weights:
       1. as (Roman pound) (could be copper) (Ch.3)
       2. uncia, plural unciae (Roman ounce) (Ch.1, Ch.3)
    5. general numbers:
       1. dekate (Roman 10)
58. megaron (Ch.9; was sometimes italicized, sometimes not, so we could make it not italicized because it’s in Merriam-Webster’s; but we opted for italicized per Wikipedia)
59. misharum (lowercase when talking about freedom [or justice (per link) or equity, both per Ch.10] in Babylonian; not mîšarum; also capitalized as god: Mīšaru [Misharu]) (PROLOGUE, Ch.11, others)
    1. shar misharum (Ch.10)
60. naditu (priestesses, Babylonia) (Ch.2)
61. nig.gina (Sumerian word for justice) (Ch.10, others)
62. nig.sisa (Sumerian word for equity) (Ch.10, Ch.11, PROLOGUE) (originally was nig-sisa in PROLOGUE before we changed hyphen to period)
63. Nisan (not italicized) (Ch.2)
64. nubanda (Sumerian administrative position; we could not find on Wikipedia so we trust the author on spelling; it might have been nu-banda) (Ch.3)
65. oikos: sometimes was italicized in original; we decided to italicize throughout (italicized in WINTER)
    1. oikoi (plural) EPILOGUE (was not italicized until we made it so)
66. Oikumene (coined by Arthur Toynbee) (not oikouménē or Oikouménē or ecumene or Ecumene?) (Ch.1)
67. orégō (Greek for to stretch out in a straight line) (not orego) (Ch.3, Ch.10)
68. orektós (Greek meaning stretched-out in a straight line) (not orekhtos) (Ch.3)
69. par excellence (Ch.2) (was originally italicized par excellence in Ch.6)
70. phyles (“tribes”) (Greek) (we italicized) (Ch.1)
71. polis (not italicized even though Greek; it’s in Merriam-Webster’s English dictionary; we could be convinced otherwise) (EPILOGUE)
72. potlatch ceremonies (Indigenous) (Ch.6)
73. pryta-related words:
    1. prytaneion (Greek city center, Greece; we corrected spelling from prytanion in Ch.1, Ch. 6, Ch.9 most cases since they referred to Greece)
    2. prytaneis (executives of the boule/council of ancient Athens, Greece)
    3. prytaneum (Roman city center, Latin; in Ch.9, sometimes this spelling was used even when discussing Greece before we corrected it to only cases referring to Rome)
    4. prytany (Greek administrative month; also the presidential office of the Athenian senate; also the period during which a section of the senate held the office of president, per Merriam-Webster’s) (Ch.1)
74. raison d’être (Ch.4, Ch.6, Ch.11) (italicized and accent over the letter e)
75. Recht (German for right) (Ch.3)
76. rectus (Latin for right, “straight”) (Ch.3)
77. rex (Latin for ruler) (Ch.3)
78. Roma quadrata (originally was not italicized and was capital Q before we fixed: was Roma Quadrata in Ch.9)
79. sanga (priest or bishop) (Ch.3)
80. Saturnalia (the Roman holiday/celebration), saturnalia (general time of excess); neither is italicized unless talking about a text title (PROLOGUE, Ch.1, Ch.2, Ch.6, Ch.11, EPILOGUE)
    1. PROLOGUE example: New Year Saturnalia
    2. Ch.1 examples:
       1. a Saturnalia-type festival
       2. Saturnalia festivals
       3. Later, such occasions became solar-oriented Saturnalia
       4. Saturnalia were times of release
       5. the conclusion of the Saturnalia
       6. Saturnalia-type holidays
    3. Ch.2 example:
       1. a time of Saturnalia
       2. a Saturnalia-type residual
       3. Irregularities were set aside in the intellectual realm of Saturnalia, which became the raw material, the maelstrom of Plutonian re-creation
    4. Ch.6:
       1. New Year Saturnalia was the major archaic social occasion
       2. Saturnalia degenerated into orgies
       3. Hollywood portrayals of Saturnalia
       4. From the Bronze Age Saturnalia to the Roman Orgy (section header)
       5. the purging Saturnalia
       6. the late Roman orgies, which turned the word “Saturnalia” into a synonym for loss of social balance
    5. Ch.11:
       1. The New Year rituals lapsed into mere Saturnalia
       2. “Macrobius (Saturnalia I.7.32)” “Macrobius (Saturnalia I.10.1)” (this is the text; that’s why it’s italicized)
       3. on the holiday of Saturnalia.
       4. no war should be declared during the days of the Saturnalia
    6. EPILOGUE:
       1. the Roman Saturnalia with their vomitoria
81. Schoepfung, the German word for creation (not Schöpfung) (Ch.1)
82. sed festival (lowercase) (Egyptian) (PROLOGUE, Ch.9, Ch.10)
83. seisachtheia (by lawgiver Solon, from Athens, Greece) (PROLOGUE, Ch.11, EPILOGUE)
    1. “a ‘shaking off of burdens’ (seisachtheia)” (PROLOGUE)
    2. Solon’s seisachtheia
84. Simanu (May/June or the third month of the Babylonian year, which began on the spring solstice in mid-March): italicized, and not as Hudson originally had it in Ch.10 spelled differently and not italicized: Simann
85. śrāddha (not, as Hudson originally had it in Ch.10 while talking about Benveniste, s(h)radda) (Sanskrit for “belief, trust,” an offering at a shrine)
86. Statue of Liberty (not italicized per Chicago Manual of Style) (PROLOGUE, Ch.11)
87. sui generis (Ch.6)
88. sympatheia (Greek for sympathies) (we italicized) (Ch.1)
89. synodes (Greek) (Ch.2)
90. syssitia (Spartan military mess or banquet/meal) (Ch.6)
91. talion (the law of talion) (not italicized) (Ch.10)
92. tamias (not tamien as Hudson originally wrote in Ch.6)
93. temenos (Greek: protected space or precinct, often temple enclosure) (Ch.3)
94. themis (Ch.10)
95. thesaurus (Ancient Greek and Latin word meaning grain storehouse or storage) (Ch.10 and earlier)
96. thiasos (not thiasus) (Ch.5)
97. trireme, triremes (Ch.11)
98. triumph (Roman triumph procession) (Ch.12)
99. trittyes or singular trittys (Greek; meaning third or what a tribe was divided into: “each of which was divided into three tryttes”) (we italicized) (Ch.1)
100. vomitoria (plural of vomitorium) Roman Latin (Ch.6, EPILOGUE)
101. wachsen (German for moon wax; was roman, we italicized) (Ch.2)
102. wergild (not italicizied, and not weregild as on Wikipedia) (Ch.10)
103. Wetter (German for weather) (Ch.2)

Names

1. ’Apep (Egyptian serpent god of darkness/disorder) (not Apep without an apostrophe, and not Apophis per Wikipedia) (Ch.11)
2. Achaemenids (not Achmaenids) (Ch.9 had a typo; also in Ch.6, Ch.10, Ch.12, and BIBLIOGRAPHY)
3. Aeneas Tacticus (ancient Greek writer) (Ch.11)
4. Aeschylus (Greek tragedy dramatist) (Ch.11)
5. Agis (king) (PREFACE, Ch.11, EPILOGUE, others)
6. Ahura Mazda (Zoroastrian Persian Achaemenid period sun-god) (Ch.9)
   1. Exception: Ahuramazda (in a quotation in Ch.3; everywhere else it should be Ahura Mazda) (Ch.3)
7. Ammisaduqa (not Ammi-Saduqa as on Wikipedia) (Ch.3, Ch.11)
8. Amon (Egyptian sun-god; in a quotation in Ch.3; could be Amun in other places) (Ch.3)
9. Anu (Babylonian god) (Ch.1, Ch.9)
10. Apsu (not Abzu, Abzû, or Apsû) (Sumerian god) (Ch.1)
    1. the Deep [was with capital letter in running text before we changed]) (not Abzû or Apsû) (Ch.3)
11. Ardashir I (Sasanian Empire) (Ch.3)
12. Aristophanes (Greek comedy dramatist) (Ch.11 and earlier)
13. Asoka (not Ashoka as in Wikipedia) (Ch.9)
14. Assur (not Ashur per Wikipedia) (Ch.3)
    1. Note on Place: Ashur (not Aššur nor Assur) when referring to the place and not the god (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS, Ch.1)
       1. Was Asshur in Ch.9 before we fixed
15. Assurnasirpal II (not Ashurnasirpal II per Wikipedia) (Ch.3)
16. Athenion: there are multiple people with this name:
    1. The tyrant Athenion of Athens (Ch.5) but normally might be Aristion per Wikipedia
    2. Athenion (who wrote The Samothracians) (Ch.6)
17. Baal (Canaanite weather-god) (Ugaritic god) (Ch.11) (not Ba’al per Wikipedia) (see: specific: Wikipedia on Baal-Zephon and generic: Wikipedia on Baal) (Ch.1)
    1. Sapanu: “Ugaritic Baal on Sapanu” (not afon, ṣapāni, Mount Zaphon, ṣap̄on)
18. Berossus (Greek writer of Creation myth of Babylon) (Ch.11)
19. Cadmus (Phoenician prince); we changed this from Cadmos to Cadmus per Wikipedia (Ch.1)
    1. Cadmean letters (not Cadmian letters) (Ch.1)
20. Chac (not Chaac or Chaahk) (Mayan god) (Ch.1)
21. classical/biblical monsters (“The Hebrew Jehovah battled the ‘“crooked serpent”’ Leviathan, alias Tannin, ‘the Dragon,’ alias Rahab ‘the Rager’” [Ch.11]):
    1. Leviathan (Ch.1, Ch.11)
    2. Rahab (Ch.1, Ch.11)
    3. Tannin (Ch.1, Ch.11)
22. Cleisthenes (Ch.9)
23. Cleomenes (king) (PREFACE, Ch.11, EPILOGUE, others)
24. Clitarchus (not Cleitarchus as in Wikipedia—although this is per a citation [not a quoted excerpt] in Lethaby, so if it were to appear in other chapters as Cleitarchus, consider changing it here) (Ch.9)
25. Croesus (was originally written Croesis) (Ch.6)
26. Ctesias (in Athenaeus) (Ch.6)
27. Cyclopes (from the Odyssey) (Ch.11)
28. Diogenes Laërtius (Ch.5)
29. El (supreme weather-god of the Canaanites) (Ch.11)
30. Emperor of Ten Thousand Years (China) (Ch.5)
31. Enentarzi (a temple administrator or sanga who became ruler in Lagash in Sumer) (Ch.3)
32. Enheduanna (Sargon’s daughter), not Enhueduanna (Ch.9)
33. Enikgal (Sumerian administrator whose name means lord of the large gate; we could not find on Wikipedia and are trusting Hudson on spelling) (Ch.3)
34. Enki (Sumerian god) (Ch.9 and earlier)
35. Enkidu (Ch.6, Ch.11)
36. Enlil (Sumerian god) (Ch.1, Ch.9)
37. Enmesharra (Ch.11) (not as originally written: EnMisharum probably meaning En-Misharum; it’s not this way even in Ch.11’s citation of Morris Jastrow, “Sun and Saturn,” Revue d’Assyriologie, Vol. 7 (1909), various pages, it is written in that text as En-Me Šar-ra (for search purposes, not for our spelling)
38. Enmetena (Lagash ruler c. 2400 BC) (Ch.11) (also Entemena [switched letters in middle] on Wikipedia)
39. Eratosthenes (ancient Greek polymath/astronomer) (Ch.11)
40. Ereshkigal (Sumerian goddess, queen of the underworld) (Ch.1, Ch.9)
    1. not Ereskigal as in Ch.5 before we fixed it
    2. not Erishkigal as in a footnote in Ch.10 before we fixed it (we later cut this)
41. Erishum (Assyrian ruler) (PREFACE)
42. Euripides (Greek comedy dramatist) (Ch.11 and earlier)
43. Dumuzi (not Dumuzid) (Sumerian god) (Ch.1, Ch.5)
44. Gelon (tyrant of Syracuse) (Ch.6, possibly Ch.5)
45. Gudea (Ch.1, PREFACE, and others)
46. Habhaby (Ch.2)
    1. “Tablets excavated in the north Syrian site of Ebla dating from c. 2400 BC describe an astral-deity Habhaby as having ‘the horns of the moon and the tail(s) of the sun.’ A millennium later in Late Bronze Ugarit (on the northern Phoenician shore) this same deity, now rendered as Haby, is described as having ‘“horns and a tail,” anticipating the familiar iconography of Satan.’ By the time of the Old Testament, Isaiah (xxvi 20) admonishes the Israelites to ‘take cover behind locked doors until the menace of Haby passes.’ Habakkuk iii.4 refers to him as Hebyon, identified by his horns which connote both light and strength. (These references are lost in the usual English translations of the Bible, which reads as if the Lord himself comes as Haby.)” (source: Ch.2, with quotations inside from: Cyrus H. Gordon, “Ebla as Background for the Old Testament,” in Congress Volume Jerusalem 1986, in Vetus Testamentum, Supplements, Vol. 40 (Brill: 1988), p. 293.)
47. Hammurapi (not Hammurabi) (PREFACE, Ch.9, Ch.10, Ch.11, Ch.12, EPILOGUE)
48. Heracleides of Cumae (Cyme) (in Athenaeus) (Ch.6)
49. Hieron (tyrant of Syracuse) (was originally written Heiron) (Ch.6, possibly Ch.5 too)
50. Hyginus (Roman/Latin author/astronomer Gaius Julius Hyginus; work cited in Ch.11: Astronomica II, 42.6–10, cited in work cited: Morris Jastrow, “Sun and Saturn,” Revue d’Assyriologie, Vol. 7 (1909), pp. 163–178.) (Ch.11)
51. Ibbi-Sin (was IbbiSin before we added hyphen) (Ch.3)
52. Ilushuma (not Ilu-Shuma) (PREFACE)
53. Inanna (originally written incorrectly we think, as Innana) (note placement of the letter ns) (PROLOGUE, Ch.2)
    1. Nanna, a moon-god of Ur (Ch.9, Ch10)
    2. Nannu (or: this might be Sin or Nanna or Inanna? we added to Talk page Ch.5)
54. Ishbi-Erra (was IshbiIrra before we added hyphen and changed Irra to Erra per Wikipedia) (Ch.3)
55. Ishtar (Akkadian goddess)
56. Jehovah (Hebrew) (Ch.11)
57. King Gyges of Lydia (Ch.6)
58. Loki (in Teutonic mythology) (German) (Ch.1)
59. Lucian (Greek writer of The Syrian Goddess, not The Gods of Syria as Hudson originally wrote in Ch.11)
60. Lugalanda (Enentarzi’s son, also a ruler of Lagash in Sumer) (Ch.3)
61. Lugalzaggesi (not as Wikipedia has it Lugal-Zage-Si (LUGAL.ZAG.GE.SI) or Lugal-zage-si) (Ch.10)
    1. As Hudson originally wrote it in Ch.10: “the Sumerian empire-builder Lugalzaggesi of Umma and Uruk sacked Lagash’s temples in the 25th century BC”
62. Mehet-Weret or Mehturt (Egyptian deity of the sky, means “Great Flood” as of Ch.1)
    1. Exception: in quotation: Mehetwēret (not Mehetweret) per quotation source: (G. Elliot Smith, The Evolution of the Dragon [Manchester: 1919]) (Ch.1)
63. Mithradates (ruler of Pontus) (Ch.11)
64. Mot (Canaanite god of death or autumn/fall/aridity) (Ch.11)
65. Muhammad (was Muhammed with an e before we changed it) (Ch.1)
66. Nabis (king) (PREFACE, Ch.11, others)
67. Nabu (Babylonian god, associated with Mercury or Saturn) (Ch.1, Ch.11)
    1. In Ch.11’s citation of Morris Jastrow, “Sun and Saturn,” Revue d’Assyriologie, Vol. 7 (1909), various pages, it is written in that text as Nebo or Nebo-Mercury (for search purposes, not for our preferred spelling throughout the book)
68. Naga (not nāgá per Wikipedia) (half-human, half-serpent in Indian culture, sort of a god)
69. Nanshe (goddess, not the king Ur-Nanshe) (PROLOGUE, Ch.2)
70. Naram-Sin (not NarumSin as originally written in Ch.9, Ch.10): grandson (or son per Lord Raglan?) of Sargon of Akkad of the Akkadian Empire
71. Nebuchadnezzar (not Nebuchadnezzar II) (Babylonian king) (Ch.5)
72. Nehemiah (Ch.11)
73. Ningirsu (Sumerian god; not Ninurta or Ninĝirsu as on Wikipedia) (Ch.3, Ch.5, Ch.9)
74. Ninmah (not Ninhursag per Wikipedia) (Ch.9)
75. Nisaba (was Nidaba) (Ch.3, Ch.4, Ch.10)
    1. Hudson quotes a source with this goddess’s name spelled Nidaba later in Ch.3, but Wikipedia spells it Nisaba
    2. Ch.10: was spelled Nidaba before we fixed
76. Numa (Rome’s “Numa”) (king of Rome 715–672 BC) (Ch.1)
77. Nun (not Nu) (Ch.1)
78. Oannes (Neo-Babylonian god) (Ch.1)
79. Phaethon (as Wikipedia and Jastrow have it; not Phaeton as it was in Ch.11 before we added the second h) (son of the sun god Helios who drove his dad’s chariot and drove the sun too far and too close to the earth) (Ch.11)
80. Pisistratids (not Peisistratids as was written in Ch.9)
81. Pythagoreans, Pythagoreanism (not Pythagorianism, Pythagorians) (Ch.5)
82. Python-dragon (the lunar Python-dragon) (Greek lunar-god killed by Apollo) (Ch.11)
83. Ra (Egyptian sun-god) (Ch.11)
84. Samsuiluna (not Samsu-iluna per Wikipedia) (Ch.11)
85. Sargon, Sargon of Akkad or Sargon the Great, first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, known for conquests of Sumerian city-states (Ch.9)
86. Seneca
    1. With respect to usury, EPILOGUE: “this did not deter Seneca from being one of the major usurers of his day” (source: Wikipedia).
87. Set (not Seth) (Egyptian god) (Ch.1, Ch.11)
88. Sethos I of Egypt (not Seti I) (Ch.3)
89. Shamash (Babylonian sun-god; was Sha mash in one instance in Ch.3 but seemed to be an error since later in Ch.3 it was one word) (Ch.9, Ch.11)
90. Shulgi (Ch.3, Ch.9, Ch.10)
91. Sophocles (Greek tragedy dramatist) (Ch.11 and earlier)
92. Sosigenes (Egyptian astronomer) (Ch.1)
93. Tammuz (Mesopotamian god) (Ch.11) (not Dumuzid)
94. Tiamat (PROLOGUE, other chapters)
95. Thoth (Egyptian god) (Ch.1)
96. Thutmose III of Egypt (Ch.3)
97. Ur-Nammu (was UrNammu before we added hyphen) (Ch.3, Ch.10, Ch.11)
98. Ur-Nanshe (king, not the goddess Nanshe) (was UrNanshe before we added hyphen) (Ch.3)
99. Urukagina (Ch.3, Ch.11)
    1. Uruinimgina (in Ch.6; in Ch.3 was Urukagina)
100. Yam (Canaanite spirit of the waters or sea-god; Ugaritic sea-deity) (Ch.1, Ch.11)
101. Zimri-Lim (Ch.3, Ch.11)
     1. originally was spelled/punctuated as it was on Britannica in Ch.3 before we added hyphen and capitalized Lim: Zimrilim
     2. We decided in Ch.11 to follow Wikipedia and hyphenate

Bibles or Sacred Texts and Related Terms (Generally Not Italicized)

1. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (in footnote that was deleted; can be changed) (Ch.1)
2. Bible
3. biblical (not Biblical) debt cancellations: we changed to lowercase but we could consider capitalizing it if it could be ambiguously read (PREFACE)
4. biblical Cherubim (was: Biblical Cherubim before we made biblical lowercase) (Ch.2)
5. biblical Patriarch List (Ch.1, others)
   1. In Ch.1 this was capitalized and plural before we changed it: not Biblical Patriarch Lists
   2. In Ch.5 was lowercase before we changed it: not biblical patriarch list
6. Book of the Dead (was book of the Dead before we capitalized Book), not italicized (Ch.2)
7. chapter number in citations:
   1. Chapter 25 of Leviticus (capitalized “Chapter”)
8. Enuma Elish (capitalize Elish; not Enuma elish and not Enūma Eliš); not italicized (Ch.1; Ch.5 we added; Ch.11 was written “Enuma elish” before we capitalized elish; also was in PREFACE; before we updated to the above, it was italicized, and elish was lowercase in Ch.3: Enuma elish); or, should this be: Enūma Eliš: italicized and capitalized as it was in PREFACE originally?
9. Gnostics (was gnostics before we capitalized) (Ch.2)
10. I Ching (not YiChing as Hudson wrote) (Ch.9)
11. Irish Annals (in footnote that was deleted; can be changed) (Ch.1)
12. Kabbalistic, Kabbalists, Kabbalah, Kabbalism (not cabalistic, cabbalistic, cabalism; and not kaballa, kabbalists as it was sometimes before we updated) (Ch.2, Ch.5)
13. Koran (not Quran) (Ch.10)
14. Laws of the 12 Tables (not XII Tables), Roman c. 450 BC (Ch.3; Ch.9)
15. Mayan Codex Troano (Ch.1)
16. Nestor’s Russian Chronicle (in footnote that was deleted; can be changed) (Ch.1)
17. Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (Ch.3)
18. Rig Veda (Indian text) not Rigveda (originally was RigVeda) (Ch.1)
19. Ten Commandments (Ch.3)
20. vedas (Ch.3) (not capitalized, not italicized): “the early Sanskrit vedas or sacred books refer to the word vedi, ‘earth,’”
    1. vedi (italicized, lowercase) (Ch.3)
21. Wheel of Ezekiel (Book of Ezekiel) (Ch.2)

Non-Religious Books

1. Gilgamesh epic (Ch.1, Ch.6, Ch.7)
2. Odyssey (Ch.6, Ch.10, Ch.11, Ch.12)

Places and Peoples and Languages

1. Adab (Ch.3)
2. American Indian (Ch.3)
3. Ashur (not Aššur nor Assur) when referring to the place and not the god (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS, Ch.1)
4. Campagna (in ancient Rome) (or Campania?) (Ch.11)
5. Çatalhöyük (not Çatal Huyuk nor Catal Huyuk nor Çatal Höyük nor Çatal Hüyük) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS, Ch.9)
6. Corinthian Isthmus, the (not Isthmus of Corinth per Wikipedia) (Ch.11)
   1. Isthmian Games (referring to the Isthmus of Corinth) (Ch.11)
7. Cro-Magnon, Cro-Magnons
8. Cyprus (Ch.10 and earlier)
9. Dilmun (use link wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilmun and not simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilmun) (it’s called an island but might be mythological) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS, Ch.3, Ch.10, and other chapters)
10. directions
    1. Central Asia (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
    2. North African (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
    3. Western Europe (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS, Ch.5)
11. Elamite (Ch.10)
12. Esharra (temple in Sumerian) (not Ešarra) (Ch.3)
13. Hurrian, Hurrians (Ch.11)
14. Indus civilization (Ch.10 and earlier)
15. Karum Kanesh (Ch.9)
16. Konya-Karaman Plain (not Konya plain) (Ch.9)
17. Kwakiutl (Pacific Northwest) (Ch.6)
18. Mycenaean Greece (or the Mycenaean civilization) (Ch.10 and earlier)
19. Naqsh-i Rustam (only in a Ch.3 quotation; otherwise: Naqsh-e Rostam) (Ch.3)
20. Neanderthal, Neanderthals
21. Nemea (Ch.11)
    1. Nemean Games (Ch.11)
22. Nippur (Ch.3)
23. Panhellenic Games (Ch.11) (NOT as originally written in Ch.11: pan-Hellenic games: “four athletic contests which the Greeks staged on a rotating basis between Olympia, Delphi (the Pythian Games, held halfway through the Olympiad), Nemea, and the Corinthian Isthmus.”)
24. Pithekoussai (modern Ischia) (Ch.5, Ch.10)
    1. Initially, we had changed to Pithecusa (modern Ischia) in Ch.5, but then we reverted back to Pithekoussai
    2. Originally Pithekoussai in Ch.10
    3. Also Pithekoūsai on Wikipedia for Greek
    4. Pithecusa is Roman/Latin spelling per Wikipedia
    5. Pithekoussai in a 2024 article and how Hudson usually spelled it originally; acceptable in Wikipedia
25. Sámi languages (northern languages in northern Europe [northern Finland, Norway, Sweden, northwestern Russia]), not: Lapp language (per Wikipedia: “the exonyms Lappish and Lappic. The last two, along with the term Lapp, are now often considered pejorative.”)
26. Sea Peoples (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
27. Shuruppak (Ch.3)
28. Sidon
29. temple of Juno Moneta (Rome) (Ch.3)
    1. Juno Moneta (goddess) (Ch.12, earlier)
30. Türkiye (the country, throughout) (not Turkey) (Ch.9)
31. Tyre
32. Ugarit
    1. Ugaritic (language, different link)
33. Umma (Ch.3)
34. Ur III (the Third Dynasty of Ur) (Ch.3)
    1. Ur’s Third Dynasty (Ch.1)
    2. Third Dynasty of Ur (Ch.10)
35. Uruk (Ch.3 and others)
    1. Uruk expansion (was Uruk Expansion in EPILOGUE until we made expansion lowercase; use Wikipedia link for Uruk period)

Spelling

1. backward not backwards
2. cancel, canceled, canceling, cancellation (one letter l for all, except cancellation and not cancelation) (per house style)
3. commonweal (this is fine if Hudson didn’t intend commonwealth; originally Hudson wrote “common weal” but we prefer one word) (Ch.10)
4. draft animals (not draught animals, which is British) (CHRONOLOGY AND MAPS)
5. entrepôt (with accent) (Ch.5, Ch.9, Ch.10)
6. factorial (not factoral) (Ch.3)
7. forward not forwards (per house style)
8. loath to acknowledge (not loathe to acknowledge) (EPILOGUE)
9. millenarianist, millenarianism (was originally written millennarianist before we removed one n) (is there one n or two in millenarianism/millennarianism?) (see Stephen Jay Gould on Wikipedia [Millenarianism#Terminology]) (EPILOGUE)
10. moneys (“public moneys”) (not monies) (EPILOGUE)
11. Muslim (not Moslem) (Ch.1)
12. new words/neologisms:
    1. astralized (Ch.5)
    2. calendrically (Ch.11)
    3. cosmologized (Ch.5), cosmologizing (Ch.6)
    4. ligamentation (Ch.10)
13. northward not northwards (Ch.1)
14. ocher (not ochre) (Ch.5)
15. parceled not parcelled (Ch.9)
16. scepter (not sceptre, except in quotations) (Ch.3)
17. stela (not stele singular), plural stelae (not steles) (Ch.9, Ch.10, Ch.3)
18. traveled, traveling, traveler (not travelled, travelling, traveller) (per Associated Press Stylebook, house style)

Numbers and Numerals

1. generally use house style on numerals versus written-out numbers (one through nine, 10+)
   1. multiples of numbers: follow this rule too: fours, sevens, 12s, 10s, 20s, 14s, 28s (not 4s, 7s, twelves, and so forth) (Ch.1, Ch.2)
2. years in the thousands: follow house style
   1. 10,000+: use comma after the third-rightmost whole digit. Example: 10,000 BC
   2. <10,000: no comma. Example: 4000 BC
3. fractions: let them be as Hudson originally wrote them, generally (sometimes this may go against house style):
   1. 1/4 (without converting to the glyph ¼)
   2. one ten-millionth (without using numerals) (Ch.1)
   3. one twelfth (without using numerals or hyphen) (not one-twelfth nor 1/12th) (Ch.1, Ch.2)
   4. But it’s okay to use numerals: 12th, 12ths (not twelfth, twelfths) (Ch.5 and beyond) (unlike in Ch.1 and Ch.2, where the rule above applies instead)
   5. one 10th (no hyphen) (Ch.2)
   6. one eighth (no hyphen) (Ch.2)
4. mathematical equations/mathematical expressions:
   1. Watch out for missing superscript formatting for powers (Ch.5)
5. equals signs: space equals sign space (2 + 2 = 4), unless the equals sign directly follows an open parenthesis, in which case it’s: (= number)
6. plus signs: spaces before and after plus signs: 1 + 2 + 3 (Ch.2, Ch.5)
7. percent written-out per house style (example: 33 percent, not 33%)
8. degrees: write out degrees (not the degree sign °)
   1. 360-degree circle (not 360 circle, where any mention of degrees or ° was missing)
   2. Originally there was a not-superscript lowercase o instead of the degree sign ° until we fixed it: 360o circle
   3. degrees Celsius (not ° Centigrade)
9. latitude and longitude:
   1. latitude 32.5 degrees north (Ch.1): Originally there was a not-superscript lowercase o instead of the degree sign ° or our preferred written-out “degrees” until we fixed it: not 32.5o N
10. verses and chapters in in-text citations of classical texts: Herodotus Book V, Chapter 66 [originally was: Herodotus V.66, Herodotus V.69 (V period number or V.# without a space before the number for verse); Aristotle (Politics Book I, Chapter ix) (Ch.1)
11. ! exclamation point after a number means factorial (intentional)
12. 365 1/4-day solar year (use hyphen, not en dash; not 365 1/4–day solar year) (Ch.1, Ch.2)
13. Watch out for letter l being used instead of the numeral 1. We caught it in a few places but may have missed instances. (Ch.5, others)

Dates

1. BC (not BCE), following Hudson’s example
2. AD (not CE), following Hudson’s example
3. circa: c. (not ca.) (PREFACE, SUMMER, others)

Punctuation

1. comma-light policy overall: generally allow no comma where one might naturally occur for a breath (against house style and many writers’ styles)
2. citation punctuation: page numbers (Ch.9 and others):
   1. in footnotes, individual chapter bibliography sections, and BIBLIOGRAPHY chapter: use a comma before p. or pp.: , pp. or , p.
   2. in in-text citations (whether in parentheses or not): use a colon before p. or pp.: Example: 1881: p. or Rawlinson: pp.
      1. how to write page numbers with volume number also indicated: 1881: Vol. I, p. 21
3. for quotations, when a change between upper and lower case might be called for in the new context of the quotation compared to the original quotation: Hudson usually prefers to leave the original context’s capitalization of the first letter (unless it’s the first word of a sentence), rather than bracketing the first letter in a different title case. (Ch.9)
4. colons: capitalize the first word after a colon (against house style), even if what follows logically after the colon is not multiple complete sentences.
   1. exclusions: lowercase first word after a colon:
      1. “But without an explanatory gloss we would not know what postwar scholars have discovered: that instead of being as abstract as our modern idea of freedom, the terms used, from Mesopotamia to Israel, meant something quite specific a cancellation of personal debts as part of an overall proclamation freeing debt-slaves and ‘restoring order.’” (PROLOGUE)
      2. “Water as an ordering principle of regularity: the rising of rivers with the springtime melting of winter snows, and seasonal rains.” (Ch.1)
5. vis-à-vis (with the accent and hyphens) (Ch.3 and others)

Linguistic Notations

1. word roots: italicize the word or root part, and don’t use asterisks. Example: reg (not *reg) (Ch.3, others)
   1. weik, weiko, kens (not: *weik, *weiko, *kens) (Ch.7)
   2. med, reg (not *med, *reg) (Ch.6)
   3. reg (not *reg) (Ch.5)
   4. ’amint, gen (not *’amint, *gen) (Ch.10)
      1. Exceptions: permit the asterisk when the root word is part of a quotation: Examples: *dhmo, *bheidh-, *dhro, *yous (Ch.10)
2. words treated as words, not their meanings: put these in quotation marks (do not italicize if the word is English). This includes non-English words, English words, and words with English cognates. Non-English words (including foreign words with English cognates) are italicized when treated as a word or word root.
   1. See beginning of Chapter 3 with a mix of italicization, quotation marks, and neither used: “right,” “correct,” “direct,” and “straight,” counterpoised to “crooked” and “sinister” (Ch.3)
   2. Helpful hint words/phrases introducing terms that should be in quotation marks include “the term,” “the word,” and “the phrase” (Ch.10 and others)
   3. If part of a word is being emphasized for having a similar root, you can just italicize the root part for emphasis and the whole word/phrase in quotation marks. Example: “regiment” and “regimen” (Ch.3)
3. non-English or foreign words: generally italicize (even if they are also in quotation marks to treat them as a word and not its meaning as mentioned above). See Italicization of Non-English or Foreign Words and Works of Art for specific terms, especially tricky ones with English cognates or that are in Merriam-Webster’s and are treated without italicization. Example: The word “word” (or the foreign word “word”) generally (Ch.2, Ch.3, others)

Miscellaneous Terms, Abbreviations, Link Preferences, Footnote Points, Citation Style, and Author’s General Writing Preferences

1. e.g.: commas both before and after e.g. (not italicized e.g.)
2. abbreviations:
   1. editor and editors: ed. and eds.
   2. translator and translators: tr. and trs.
3. “in leap year” is fine (not “in a leap year” nor “in leap years”) (Ch.1)
4. Observatory Editor’s Note: (bold) for footnotes that we add (PROLOGUE, Ch.1)
5. number of animal ribs footnote: Observatory editor’s note: “Bull” or “cow” in The Creation of Order generally refers to bison, which have 28 ribs. (Modern-day cows in the U.S. have 26 ribs.)
6. “Rome’s abolition of kingship did away with the ritual combat ceremony (there being no more monarch to contend with the forces of darkness after the aristocrats dethroned the kings in the sixth century BC)” (Ch.11: Wikipedia link to “Overthrow of the Roman Monarchy” page)
7. “which” where we would normally use “that” is acceptable as the author’s general preference since he uses it consistently throughout the book (and we do not make the correction we would normally make for house style of adding a comma before “which,” against house style)
8. bibliographic citation style (in footnotes, individual chapter bibliography sections, and BIBLIOGRAPHY chapter): Hudson originally varied using Notes and Bibliography style per Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) and Author-Date style (preferred in sciences, American Psychological Association or APA style); since he started with Notes and Bibliography, and this book falls more under the arts than the sciences, we opted for the CMS method throughout (see CMS on both)
9. self-references to this book or chapter (intrabook/internal references):
   1. references to this book: we generally opted for “The Creation of Order” instead of “this book” since we adapted the work for the Observatory’s online format. However, there were some exceptions, especially later in the book.
   2. references to chapters: we generally replaced “Chapter #” with the chapter title, with a link to that chapter over the title, with no quotation marks and not italicized. If a link is incorrect or missing, please let us know using the button (text “Suggest an edit for or comment about this book or its chapters. Join the research!”) at the top of this page that leads to a contact form and let us know which chapter, the entire sentence, and the missing link or link error.
      1. In an internal note or Talk page or note about a “Stub chapter” (such as in the introductory note for Ch.10: “This chapter is a stub that would benefit from Collaborative Research volunteer expansion”), it’s okay to use the word “chapter” or “Chapter #” format instead of the full chapter title written-out (a link is still preferred if it’s to a chapter that’s not the self-same one; let us know if one is missing).
         1. Exception: this does not apply in this style guide on this self-same page, where “Ch.#” or “PROLOGUE” in all-caps without a link is preferred as shorthand.
10. verb tense in cited works:
    1. For the Bible, other sacred texts, and existing artifacts, use present-tense verbs
    2. For most written works written by an individual/individuals (no matter how old or how recently published, and this includes classical texts and most ancient texts), use past-tense verbs: “she wrote” not “she writes”
       1. Exception: For linguistics/philology/etymology, present-tense verbs may be used, such as “term means ‘x’” (especially in discussions involving Émile Benveniste’s work) (Ch.10 and elsewhere)
    3. For statements about past civilizations including (assumed nonexisting currently) artifacts, use past-tense verbs
11. Superscript formatting may have been unintentionally lost during conversion to wikitext. Please notify us if you suspect text is supposed to be formatted as superscript but is not (especially in mathematical formulas). We spotted a few examples in Ch.3 and Ch.5.

Links to Wikipedia

Insert a Wikipedia link we think seems helpful to readers the first time the word/phrase appears in the Keynotes section and again the first time it appears in the body of each chapter.

Equinox and Solstice Date Facts

1. Equinoxes: March 20 and September 23, demarcating spring and autumn respectively (Ch.2)
2. Solstices: approximately December 21 for winter (Ch.2)