All Queries 12. The Cosmology of War
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Heraclitus: ‘War Is the Father of All’
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Citation Needed
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Attackers and defenders both promised populations a debt-free peace.
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Debt cancellations were a frequent result of major military campaigns, beginning in Sumer and Babylonia, whose rulers canceled the debts of the peasantry so as to give them their own lands to fight for.
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built to resemble the sky, being a curved celestial model
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Stub
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Key Concept Missing in Chapter Body
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The sacred gold statues of Greek Nike (“Winged Victory”) melted down by Athens to pay mercenaries during the Peloponnesian War, and Juno Moneta who issued Rome’s first gold coinage toward the end of the Punic Wars.
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The horse, formerly a solar-calendrical symbol by virtue of its 36 ribs, reappears as the weapon of the aristocratic cavalry class.
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military music, e.g., the rhythmic paean of marching soldiers
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Author’s Note 2: Military Music (Athenaeus)
Athenaeus[1] reported (XIV.626–628, citing Herodotus[2] I.17) that music was used to provide rhythmic order for military maneuvers. The Spartans “march to battle with the music of flutes, the Cretans with the lyre, the Lydians with Pan’s pipes and flutes.” He added that “In ancient times music was an incitement to bravery.” There were war-dances with helmet, shield and spear, or sword (see Plato,[3] Laws, p. 815A), and a verse attributed to Socrates read “Whoso honor the gods best with dances are the best in war.”
Author’s Note 7: Military Music Continued (Snodgrass 1980)
[Anthony Snodgrass, Archaic Greece: The Age of Experiment (London: 1980), p. 106, regarding music and war:]
A Corinthian vase c. 675 BC shows a piper, “an indispensable participant in the later Spartan phalanx where his music kept the men in step, and therefore perhaps a sign of incipient phalanx tactics,”[4] as well as morale-boosting effects.
- ↑ Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists: Or Banquet of the Learned of Athenaeus, C.D. Yonge (tr.), Vol. 3 (London: 1854), via Andrew Smith’s Attalus, Book 14, lines 626–628.
- ↑ Herodotus, The Histories, A.D. Godley (tr.) (Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1920), via Tufts University’s Perseus Digital Library Project, Book 1, Chapter 17.
- ↑ Plato, Laws. From Plato in Twelve Volumes, R.G. Bury (tr.), Vols. 10 and 11 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1967 and 1968), via Tufts University’s Perseus Digital Library Project, p. 815a.
- ↑ Anthony Snodgrass, Archaic Greece: The Age of Experiment (London: 1980), p. 106.
Key Concept Missing in Chapter Body
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See also the economic classification of the population according to military ratings, and the allotments of land to returning war veterans in classical times.
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The division of society into classes based on military ranking.
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Translation Check
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damos
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Verify Citation
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Jaan Puhvel, “The Origins of Greek Kosmos and Latin Mundus,” American Journal of Philology, Vol. 97 (1976), pp. 154–167.
The spelling of the author’s first name seems correct here (in Chapter 9’s Bibliography, Chapter 12’s Bibliography and footnotes, and the book’s Bibliography chapter for sections for Chapter 9 and Chapter 12) based on the source link here, but let us know if the source link is incorrect. See also a related query about Chapter 6 for Jean Puhvel rather than Jaan Puhvel here, the same query in Chapter 11 here, and another query in Chapter 9 here.Verify, build on, or correct the text as written. Join the research!