Citation Needed - 12. The Cosmology of War
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Regarding the shift of ilku from military duties to taxes, this deranged archaic economic life. “In the fifth century BC the word ilku, which initially had the meaning of ‘service from the land,’ and which continued to retain this meaning even in the first millennium BC, is used most frequently of all in Babylonia to designate royal taxes from the land. Such a widespread usage of this term can be explained by the fact that the military obligations of the royal colonists in the fifth century BC were usually replaced by taxes, whereas they continued to use that same word ilku, which gradually began to supplant the term mandattu, to designate the duties of these colonists in respect to the state.”
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