All Queries:
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Stub
Quoted text:
Sally Humphreys[1] (1978: p. 83) referred to “the disciplinary powers and clear consciousness of eukosmia and akosmia (order and disorder) associated with religious festivals.”
Gernet
[2] made much of this in his study of Greek penal law. His 1917
Recherches sur le développement de la pensée juridique et morale en Grèce showed how the Greeks invented new words for their concepts of
isonomia and their new universe: “
dysnomia was created in antithesis to
eunomia (which in Homer had been contrasted with
hybris)” (quoted in Humphreys
[3] p. 85). “
Hybris, losing its old meanings to
dysnomia and
adikēma, was drawn into a new ambit of meditation on the ‘offender’ and his psychology.”
These paragraphs are a stub. Can you help us expand them, and in particular add the context for them: the introduction of the concept, the conclusion of the point being made, and a transition into the next paragraph after them (beginning “I have already discussed religion…”)?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Vague Text
Quoted text:
No a priori scheme will work, for there are too many possibilities of variation and idiosyncrasy. (See Needham/Hocart
[4] 1970:
p. xxxix.)
Context appears to be lacking here. Can you help us make this paragraph less vague?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Stub
Quoted text:
But some keys are in nature: the five symmetrical geometric (“Platonic”) solids. The Dorian mode is a symmetrical (palindromic) musical scale, and there are mathematical proportions among the tones.
Consider also the mathematics of right-angled (“Pythagorean”) triangles, known since the neolithic.
These paragraphs are a stub. Can you help us expand them?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Omitted Text
Quoted text:
[Omitted text:] Summarize the chapters so far. Then show how periodicities are designed to restore this modularized equality.
We omitted text here that seemed like an unfulfilled note: “Summarize the chapters so far. Then show how periodicities are designed to
restore this modularized equality.” Can you help us fulfill it?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Verify Citation
Quoted text:
as Wensinck
[5] (1923: pp. 181f.) has summarized: “The king, in antiquity, is above everything he who maintains law and order. … in the group of [Talmudic] Psalms [24 and 99, as well as 93, 94, and 47] the ascension to the throne and the administration of justice are spoken of in one breath. In cosmology this idea means: victory over chaos with its demoniac powers and establishment of cosmic order; in theology: accomplishment of the judgment of mankind. Each new period begins thus, with the establishment of order, with the settlement of destinies, with judgment. And every New Year is a day of judgment.”
Can someone with access to Wensinck’s text confirm the quotation and page number for us?
We were able to confirm the second half of the quotation only:
“In cosmology this idea means: victory over chaos with its demoniac powers and establishment of cosmic order; in theology: accomplishment of the judgment of mankind. Each new period begins thus, with the establishment of order, with the settlement of destinies, with judgment. And every New Year is a day of judgment.”
Per p. 392 in document, 332 on the page header, of the pdf linked here to
Kingship and the Gods by Henri Frankfort.
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Fact Check
Quoted text:
It seems to be this period rather than that of human generations that inspired the 30-year cycle between “freedom acts”—“a month of years,” calling for the ruler to celebrate a “
jubilee” if he happened to live that long, as did
Hammurapi (who “proclaimed justice” in his 30th year, as he had done on his accession in 1792 BC).
Can someone please verify this fact and add a source if possible? We’re not sure about it. We may have found one source that says Hammurabi canceled debt four times during his 40-year reign, so the 30-year theory might not hold up… If you can find an authoritative source one way or the other, that’d be ideal. One
example of a source with unclear authority is here.
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Fact Check
Quoted text:
In other contexts, according to Jastrow, Saturn was designated as
Enmesharra (“Lord of the law of the universe,” or simply lord of
misharum [justice]).
Please help us check this fact. According to our research, the Mesopotamian god of barley
Ninurta was the god affiliated with Saturn,
not god of the universe
Enmesharra. However, the text as it is currently written in the chapter aligns with the cited source of p. 173 of
Jastrow.
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Verify Citation
Quoted text:
Komoróczy
[6] (1982: p. 197) called these
misharum acts a “corrective in the everyday run of economic life.”
Can someone with access to Komoróczy check this quotation and page number?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Translation Check
Quoted text:
Bottero
[7] (1961) wrote that they countered the effects of “economic disorder.”
Can a French speaker verify this is in Bottero’s text?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Citation Needed
Quoted text:
They were called by such terms as “Gerechtigkeit,” “redress.”
Can you help us find the original source of these quotations?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Verify Citation
Quoted text:
We found the CAD M/II text and added links, and we see
misharum defined on pages 116+, but we don’t see the quotation here of “creating straight order” anywhere in the text (and couldn’t find “
shakanum,” but it’s probably written differently). Can you help us verify this source attribution and quotation?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Translation Check
Quoted text:
Komoróczy called them “regelmassig-periodische”
Can someone with access to the Komoróczy text (ideally checked by a German-speaker) verify this quotation?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Sumerian Terminology
Quoted text:
Should this be
ama-gi or
amagi instead of
amargi throughout this book? See:
Ama-gi.
See also
the same query in the Prologue and update there and in the
Style Guide for This Book, and update accordingly if necessary.
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Translation Check
Quoted text:
“a return to the original situation.”
Can a French-speaker check
Charpin’s article for this phrase to check the quotation?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Citation Needed
Quoted text:
Wilfred Lambert imagined that “andurārum” meant “free trade,” literally tariff-free trade. This would follow if the Assyrians knew that “in the beginning” there were no tariffs. To establish “andurārum” for copper, silver, etc., would be to return them to their former (i.e., tariff-free) status.
No text by
Wilfred Lambert (W.G. Lambert) has been cited anywhere in this book. Can you help us find a text that could be cited for this?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Translation Check
Quoted text:
Charpin
[9] wrote (p. 38): “The Babylonians ignored in effect that men were born free and equal. For a slave born of a free mother,
amargi signified a return to liberty. For a slave born of a slave mother,
amargi meant a return to the master in whose house he was born.”
Can a French-speaker verify the Charpin quotation and page number?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Translation Check
Quoted text:
Charpin
[10] pointed out that the cuneiform sign for “
amargi” also “designates the cyclical trajectory of the sun, and the return of persons or goods to their initial status.”
Can a French-speaker verify the Charpin quotation and page number?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Translation Check
Quoted text:
Charpin
[11] concluded that this idea of a cosmological return, as inevitable as the annual solar return to its zodiacal position at the New Year, was “the exact antithesis of any sentiment of ‘social justice’ or a reformist ideology.”
Can a French-speaker verify the Charpin quotation and add a page number?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Specify Citation
Quoted text:
ARM VIII 33
Can you help us identify the text meant by ARM?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Translation Check
Quoted text:
Can a French-speaker check the “33” here? We found ARM mentioned on p. 106 of
Archives Épistolaires de Mari, but not “33.”
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Translation Check
Quoted text:
andurārum
Can a French speaker check this in both
Archives Épistolaires de Mari and
Charpin? Originally it was written “
uddurarum” before we changed it to
andurārum.
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Translation Check
Quoted text:
“if an andurārum is instituted, this silver will not be subject to that measure.”
Can a French-speaker verify this quotation from
Durand and/or
Charpin?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Translation Check
Quoted text:
the sign DRR (“darāru,” prefixed by “an”)
Can someone familiar with translating Assyrian texts and the CAD confirm this? In
our text it is written:
darāru, so we added that inside the parentheses.
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Spelling of Term
Quoted text:
Šunuhrahalû
This is how it was spelled in the French work (
Charpin, p. 41), but we couldn’t verify in English spelling. Can you help?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Translation Check
Quoted text:
the land of Gashera
Can someone please fact-check this? Perhaps a French speaker who reviews the Mari letters. From our research, Gashera was Hammurabi’s mother, not a place.
The French on p. 41 of
Charpin is “maisons que gasera detient a alahtun, a propos desquels tu te plaignais” which translates to “houses that Gasera owns in Alahtun, about which you were complaining,” so perhaps it was land owned by his mother’s family?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Missing Digit
Quoted text:
Postgate 1973
[12] and 19__
Years are missing in the second date; we only have the first text cited in the Bibliography here. Can you help us figure out what text was missing so we can add a year and citation footnote and bibliographical note?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Fact Check
Quoted text:
“Jubilee Years” after
Leviticus (which current biblical scholarship places in the seventh century BC)
Can you help us confirm this dating?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Citation Needed
Quoted text:
as more documentation has become available since 1917, it has become apparent that the Mesopotamian proclamations were different—and also that they fed directly into the Hebrew and even Mediterranean traditions.
Citation(s) would be appreciated here.
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Key Concept Missing in Chapter Body
Quoted text:
raising the sacred light of justice
[13]
This is one of two places (see
the other here) we worked in a footnote about the Statue of Liberty from the Key Concepts section of this chapter (see
query); but perhaps you can help us work it into the chapter body more.
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Verify Citation
Quoted text:
Liverani
[14] 1979: pp. 18–20
Can someone with access to the Liverani text help us confirm the page range? Originally this was written as “1979: 1820” and we added “pp.” and the en dash.
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Expand Section
Quoted text:
Aeneas Tacticus recommended it to his Greek compatriots in the fourth century BC.
Can someone recommend a quotation from this text to insert after this sentence? Perhaps it’s in the Liverani text (
Three Amarna Essays), as a hint. Originally the word “[QUOTE]” was written at the end of the sentence, with no hint about what belonged there.
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Key Concept Missing in Chapter Body
Quoted text:
the Babylonian ruler’s raising of “the sacred torch”
[15]
This is the second of two places (see
the other here) we worked in a footnote about the Statue of Liberty from the Key Concepts section of this chapter (see
query); but perhaps you can help us work it into the chapter body more.
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Specify Citation
Quoted text:
Pallas, pp. 215, 218
Can you help us identify what text is meant by “Pallas”? We could not find it in the Bibliography of this or previous chapters.
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Omitted Text
Quoted text:
[Omitted text:] Note also the idea of scapegoat. The word for interest was young kid. Getting rid of the goat. A newborn?
Can you help us expand this stub, which we have omitted as it seems like an unfulfilled internal note? You may find helpful starting from Theodor Gaster’s
Thespis.
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Verify Citation
Quoted text:
Sumerian and Babylonian rulers fought a combat between order and chaos and emerged victorious. By the late second millennium BC in Asia Minor, the Hittites divided their young men into two halves, calling one group the Men of
Hatti and the other the Men of Masa (Puhvel
[16] 1988: p. 27). “Men of Hatti have bronze weapons, whereas Men of Masa have weapons of reed. They wage battle. The men of Hatti are victorious; they take a captive and consign him to the deity.” This recalls “ritual battles between the forces of summer and winter (or light and darkness, fertility and sterility), in ancient and modern Europe.” The Hittite
Puruli festival featured “a battle royale between a national weather-god and the dragon
Illuyanka.”
Can someone with access to Puhvel’s text verify the points made, quotation, and page number cited here?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Fact Check
Quoted text:
Robigalia (March 25 [near the spring equinox])
Wikipedia says this occurred on April 25. Which is correct? (We can add a footnote updating Gaster’s 1950 text if necessary since this occurs in a quotation.)
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Verify Citation
Quoted text:
Raschke
[17] (1988: p. 7) pointed out that each of these Panhellenic festivals “took place in the vicinity of a sacred
temenos.”
Can someone with access to Raschke’s book confirm this quotation and page number?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Verify Citation
Quoted text:
Before 586 BC, wrote Fontenrose
[18] (1988: p. 124), “the only Pythian contests were musical. The hymn to Apollo was sung to the accompaniment of the
kithara (lyre) played by the singer; and it was said that
Hesiod was not allowed to compete because he had not learned to play the
kithara.”
Can someone with access to the Fontenrose text verify this quotation and page number?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Verify Citation
Quoted text:
“For the
Pythian Games, as for the
Olympic, a truce was proclaimed, forbidding hostilities for the period of the games” (Fontenrose
[19] 1988: p. 128).
Can someone with access to the Fontenrose text verify this quotation and page number?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Citation Needed
Quoted text:
the term for “foreigner” was “
host”
Citation needed. Perhaps check
Benveniste?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Citation Needed
Quoted text:
Strangers were sacred guests, under the protection of
Nemesis and
Zeus
Citation needed. Zeus is on p. 147 of
Lowry, but is there another source for Nemesis?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Citation Needed
Quoted text:
In archaic times most travelers were merchants. Those of Mesopotamia established their own temples in foreign trading posts to provide protection and also to act as embassies.
Citation(s) needed.
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Citation Needed
Quoted text:
The rules of politeness dictated that a host not inquire into his guest’s status or other personal details until the visitor was given a meal. And by receiving such hospitality, a traveler would have become in his turn the host for the friends he had made on his visits. Most well-to-do Greeks had such friends in various cities—protectors if they were exiled, and friends who would house and feed them on future travels.
Such practices may have stemmed from a time when most travelers were temple or royal merchants, and later messengers, tax collectors, or other palace emissaries.
Solon traveled as a merchant in the sixth century BC, as there really was no other mode of tourism. Travelers visiting distant regions covered their expenses by trading as they went.
Citation(s) needed.
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Fact Check
Quoted text:
Urukagina’s Wikipedia page says he died in 2370 BC, before the original date written of c. 2350 BC here. We updated to roughly what’s on the Wikipedia page for
List of ancient legal codes, which says “2380 BC–2360 BC” (but other sources say 2352–2342 BC, so we estimated). Can you verify our edit is accurate?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Spelling of Term
Quoted text:
leiturgoi
Can you verify the spelling?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Stub
Quoted text:
Bibliographic Notes: Further Reading
…
This section is a stub. Can you help us flesh it out/improve transitions and specificity?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Omitted Text
Quoted text:
Enuma Elish was rendered into English by Heidel
[20] (
The Babylonian Genesis [Chicago: 1942 (1951)])[
Omitted text: , now superseded by __].
We omitted text here (“now superseded by __”); if you can help us fill in the blank, we can add it back.
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Missing Digit
Quoted text:
W.G. Lambert’s numerous articles (especially 1968 and 198_)
Can you help us identify the year of publication for W.G. Lambert 198_?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Citation Needed
Quoted text:
W.G. Lambert’s numerous articles (especially 1968 and 198_)
No text by
Wilfred Lambert (W.G. Lambert) has been cited anywhere in this book. Can you help us find either of the two texts that could be cited for this?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Add Context
Quoted text:
The third-millennium BC roots of this festival
What festival is meant here?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Key Concept Missing in Chapter Body
Quoted text:
This word and these people are not mentioned throughout this chapter. Can you help us add it and expand on in the chapter body?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Key Concept Missing in Chapter Body
Quoted text:
Egyptian
ma’at is not discussed in this chapter’s body. Can you help us add it?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Key Concept Missing in Chapter Body
Quoted text:
Libra weighing out the cultivator’s grain obligations upon harvest
Libra is not discussed in this chapter’s body. Can you help us add it?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Key Concept Missing in Chapter Body
Quoted text:
The Key Concepts section teases a mention of the Statue of Liberty that is not fulfilled in the chapter body. We have inserted it in as a footnote in two places (see
query 1 and
query 2). But can you help us work it in to the chapter body more thoroughly?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Key Concept Missing in Chapter Body
Quoted text:
Caesar’s calendar is not mentioned in the chapter body (it’s only in the Key Concepts section); can you help us add it?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Key Concept Missing in Chapter Body
Quoted text:
the winter solstice/Germanic Christmas
Winter solstice/Germanic Christmas are not mentioned in the chapter body (they are only in the Key Concepts section); can you help us add them to the chapter body?
Below are some hints from the author that was in notes that were originally in (and later omitted from)
Chapter 2; we believe the op-ed refers to a piece in the New York Times by Simon Schama, author of the book
Dead Certainties, titled online “
Whose Tree Is It Anyway?” with the date mentioned below:
“…But astral symbolism was not entirely stamped out by Christianity. See the Christmas tree, and Christmas gift exchange.
“New York Times, Dec. 24, 1991, op-ed by Simon Schama, ‘Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations).’
“John Donne called the winter solstice “the world’s midnight.” Certainly the year’s midnight....”
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Key Concept Missing in Chapter Body
Quoted text:
At the end of the Roman Republic, Julius Caesar declared a moratorium on debts owed by the well-to-do, but not by the indebted population at large
Caesar’s calendar/debt forgiveness is not mentioned in the chapter body (it’s only in the Key Concepts section); can you help us add it?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Missing Bibliographic Details
Quoted text:
SARI
What journal does SARI stand for?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Missing Bibliographic Details
Quoted text:
Vo. R.A.I.
What does “Vo. R.A.I.” stand for?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Missing Bibliographic Details
Quoted text:
Jack J. Finkelstein, “Some New Misharum Material and Its Implications,” in Assyriological Studies, No. 16 (1965), pp. 233–246.
Where in the
Chapter 11 body should this be cited?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Omitted Text
Quoted text:
Fritz R. Kraus, Sumerer und Akkader: Ein Problem der Altmesopotamischen Geschichte (Amsterdam: 1970) [Omitted text: (p. 30: as the Akkadians use andurārum, it is “opaque.”)]
Can you help us understand what the omitted text note meant, and make any changes to the Bibliography or
Chapter 11 if necessary? The omitted text was:
(p. 30: as the Akkadians use andurārum, it is “opaque.”)
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Missing Bibliographic Details
Quoted text:
“W.G. Lambert” had
two citations in the
Chapter 11 body, but there was no explicit allusion to
Maurice Lambert. Can you help us identify at least two missing text citations in the Bibliography for W.G. Lambert?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Missing Bibliographic Details
Quoted text:
Originally all that was written here was “Maurice Lambert, Enmetena’s”; is our guess that’s currently in the Bibliography the right one for what was missing?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Verify Citation
Quoted text:
N.P. Lemche, “Andurārum and Misharum: Comments on the Problem of Social Edicts and Their Application in the Ancient Near East,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 38 (1979), pp. 11–22.
Can you help us verify that this was in JNES Vol. 38 (1979)? It wasn’t in
this link to that issue.
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Verify Citation
Quoted text:
Jean Puhvel, “Hittite Athletics as Prefigurations of Ancient Greek Games,” in Wendy J. Raschke (ed.), The Archaeology of the Olympics (Madison, Wisconsin: 1988), pp. 26–31.
Can you verify the spelling of the author’s name as Jean Puhvel? It is possible Jaan Puhvel was meant (see Chapter 9’s Bibliography, Chapter 12’s Bibliography and footnotes, and the book’s Bibliography chapter for sections for Chapter 9 and Chapter 12: Jaan Puhvel, “The Origins of Greek Kosmos and Latin Mundus,” American Journal of Philology, Vol. 97 [1976], pp. 154–167), but it’s also possible they are two different people.
See the same query in Chapter 6 here.
See related query in
Chapter 9 and Chapter 12 over Jaan Puhvel here.
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Missing Bibliographic Details
Quoted text:
Originally all that was written here was “Ephraim Speiser, ”; is our guess that’s currently in the Bibliography the right one for what was missing?
Query: 11. Periodicities of Property and Debt
Verify Citation
Quoted text:
Charpin pointed to similar uses of the term in
Atrahasis I 243
Can you help us verify the citation here, particularly the number, and if there is a missing en dash or “p.”?
Note: this was originally written 244–245 on p. 44 of
Charpin, perhaps? We think the numbers here refer to page numbers but are not sure so we didn’t add “p.” here. Can you help verify this is accurately written here as not p. and not a range with a missing en dash?
